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Uf. 


GIFT   OF 
Felix  Flggel 


iS^mi^^imti^A 


1^4,i<. 


THE     HISTORY     AND     DEVSLO?I^.HT 


OF 


PACIFIC   COAST  MAIIUFACTURINO  . 


by 


Frank  C.  Doty. 


To  Prof.  E.A.  Roaa, 

For  the  Koonomio  Seminary. 


Stanford  University,  May,  1896. 


^^i\Co 


y^r. 


IMTRODUCTiON, 


Tho  tom  *Paoiflo  Coa^t*  as  used  in  this  paper  applies 
generally  to  California,  Washington,  and  Oregon.  Sometimes  it 
also  inoludes  Utah,  beot^use  there  is  the  birth  plaoe  of  the 
aanufftotures  of  the  Paoifio  Coast  in  its  broadest  sense. 

Sofnetirnea  its  applieation  is  restricted  to  California, 
beoauae  there  is  a  lack  of  definite  and  aoourate  information 
from  the  other  states. 

The  paper  haa  been  divided  into  three  parts.  In  the 
first,  'Origin  of  P'aoifio  Coast  Mtmufaotures*  the  aim  has 
been  to  point  out  the  conditions  giving  rise  to  Coast  Manu- 
facturing. In  the  eeoond,  'Selected  Industries',  five  of  the 
chief  industries  were  selected  for  a  soii»what  detail  study. 
The  production  of  the  raw  material  ia  touched  upon,  as  well  aj 
the  general  account  of  the  industry  in  its  manufactured  side; 
together  with  some  account  of  individual  establishment  or 
factories.  The  five  industries  chosen  are  Woolen,  Cotton, Iron, 
Beet  Sugar  and  Flour.  In  third  part  are  brought  together  those 
factors  that  have  worked  for  the  development,  both  ia  a  posi- 
tive and  negative  manner,  of  the  Coast's  industries.  Only  a 
general  account  is  here  given. 


••^fT 


-,>nfi^j 


-tr 


C0RT23TS. 

Introdootion 

Chapter  I . 
"^ri^in  6f   Paoif lo  Coast  Hanvt aotiir inc • 

Paoifio  Slope  Industries 1 

Gold  1)1  soo very,  3£feot 2 

Population  bofore  Gold  discovery* 3-4 

Immediate  effect  of  Di  soovery 5 

Character  of   Populiition  after  Discovery 6 

Ralfition  of  Mining   to  M&nuf aotvires  of  Coast 6-3 

Manufacturing   tenporarily   impossible. .    3-9 

Production  of  mines. .....    10-13 

Agriculture 10 

In  1353 11 

Its  growth, wJiuat 11 

Number  of  f anr.s  and  acreage l'^-13 

SuBfanary , 13-15 

Chapter  II. 
Selected  Industries. 

1.  Woolen  Industry 16-27 

Production  of  wool;  Missions 17 

The  Aaerioan  ©ngagees  in  wool  production 17 


Wool  proddotion  in  1854,  in  1876 17 

Conditions  for  sheep  husbandry 18 

Change  in  167G  ;  deoreaso  in  wool  olip 

Table  of  wool  olip  f ror.  1864  to  18U5 19 

Reason  for  decline  in  xool  produotlon 20 

Wool  in  Oregon  and  Washington 20-21 

Woolen  Mills - . 21-27 

In  the  Missions  and  the  first  mill 21 

In  Oregon;  the  Willanette  Mills 22-23 

In  California;  The  Pioneer  Mills 24-26 

Tablo  showin^j  situation  from  10C0-18U0 26-27 

In  Washington 25-27 

2.   Cotton  Induatrj' 28-33 

a)  Production  of  Cotton ...  28 

Reason  of  selecting  this  industry 28 

Beginnlnss  of  cotton  produotlon 28 

Later  Results  and   Prizes 29-30 

b )  Cotton  Manuf ao ture ,  31 

First  mill,   Oakland  Cotton  Manuf aoturing  Co... 31 

California  Cotton  Mills 32-33 

3     Iron   Industry 33-39 

a)    Iron  Production 33-35 

Iron  deposits j|3 


4 


First  Coast  Iron  In  Utah 53*34 

Oregon,  Washington  and  California 34-35 

b)  Iron  Uantaf aoture 35-31^ 

Charaoter  of  products •  ..••., 35*36 

Development  tf  Uaniif actures 36 

In  San  Franolsoo  an  important  Industry 36-37 

First  foundries 33 

Union  Iron  Works 3d-39 

4.  The  Manufacture  of  Beet  Sugar 39-43 

Importance  of  this  Industry 39 

Sugar  Import  of  Uni ted  States 40 

Home  production 40 

Pacific  Coast  refineries 41 

Cultivation  of  beet  has  improved  its  qualities 41-42 

Further  history  of  the  sugar  beet 42-43 

Beet  sugar  Production  in  France 43-44 

In  Germany 44 

Austria,  Russia,  Belgium  and  United  States 45 

California , 46-47 

Table  showing  product  ion 46 

Alvarado  factory 46 

Wetsonville  factory  and  at  Ckino 47 

5 .  Manufacture  of  Flour* 48-53 


Wheat  Culture  on  the  Coast 48 

In  the  Mission  period •  •  48-49 

?irst  attempts  at  Flour  making SO 

Table  showing  aoreage  and  yield  from  1866  to  1B90 50*51 

The  Golden  Gate  Mill 61 

Other  mills 51-52 

Table  showing  rooeipts  of  Flour  at  San  Franoisoo  from.. 

1356-56  to  1892-93 52-53 

Chapter  III. 
Factors  in  Paoifio  Coast's  Manufaoturing  Development. 

The  Paoifio  Coast's  manufaoturing  faoilities 54 

1.  Enterprise ...  54-56 

Charge  that  enterprise  is  laoking... 54 

Unprofitableness  of  California  factories 55 

Charaoteristio  feature  of  Paoifio  Coast's  undertakings...  55-56 

Results  of  California  enterprise 56 

2.  Labor. 

The  Ciiinaman  and  his  status. 56 

3.  Wages. 

Comparison  of  Coast  wages  with  those  of  other  states  in 

Woolen  and  Cotton  Manufactures 57-53 

4.  Interest. 

Comparison  of  Coast  interest  with  Eastern  interest 58 


no  <*'-iC' 


9       •       ••      • 


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5.  Fuel. 

High  prlod  for  fuel  on  Coast , 58 

Petroleum  and  Eleotriolty 50 

6.  Taxes. 

California  taxes  everything 59 

7.  Railroads. 

Their  influence  on  manuf aoturoa GO 

Bibliography ,       61-65 


iJI/'?    .ci 


-i  ««e 


Chapter  I. 
ORIGIN  OP   PACIFIC   COAST  I4ANUFACTURIHG  • 


Mining,  Agrioulture  and  Manuf aoturing  aro  the  three 
great  industries  of  the  Paoiflo  Slope.  Mining,  ohronoloeioally 
considered,  ocoupies  the  first  place.  But  it  is  not  so  easy  to 
say  positively  which  of  these  is  first,  Agrioulture  or  Mining; 
because  when  mining  began  to  lose  its  prestige  as  a  controlling 
industry  and  therefore  of  the  mining  period  attention  was  turn- 
ed to  each  of  these  industries  about  the  same  titne.^ 

Agrioulture,  however,  deserves  the  second  place,  because 
its  development  has  been  more  steady  and  constant.  Mining  was 
predominant,  Agrioulture  was  predominate,  and  now  the  question, 
Is  there  any  reason  to  think  that  Manufacturing  will  become 
predominate?  presents  itself. 

Mining,  as  stated  above,  was  the  first  great  industry 
of  the  Coast.  It  has  hud  a  more  direct  bearing  upon  and  con- 

^  Cal.  Agri.  Society  Report,  1888,  p.  450-451. 


■  ViJXi. 


fjll 


o 


stitutQ«  a  greater  part  in  th©  devolopment  of  Coast  nanuf «o- 
turos  than  has  been  ordinarily  assigned  to  it.  What  a  power 
has  been  the  stream  of  influence  that  has  flowed  through  the 
door  I,  opened  by  John  'Aarshell,  when  he  pioKed  up  the  golden 
Icey  in  the  "beautiful  vale**  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  January,' 
eighteen  hvmdred  and  forty  eight, 1  ^ 

It  will  be  appropriate,  therefore,  to  follow  for  a  dis- 
tanoe  this  wonderful  stream,  whioh  has  ever  increased  in  vol- 
ume. 

The  faot  of  the  gold  discovery  took  a  trip  around  the 
world.  It  left  its  impression  upon  the  dweller  of  the  Middle 
States,  upon  the  resident  of  How  England,  upon  the  inhabitant 
of  the  Southern  section.  It  crossed  the  ocean  ,  toured  Europe 
add  visited  various  parts  of  the  Orient,- 

The  effect  of  this  journey  was  to  lead  hither  men   in 
various  degrees  of  mental  and  moral  development.  Hence  the 


^   Bancroft,  Hist,  of  California,  VI,  28V 

"it  is  the  dawn  of  history  in  these  parts."  "All  along 
the  centuries  California  had  lain  slumbering,  wrapped  in  ob- 
scurity, and  lulled  by  tho  monotone  of  the  ocean.  But  finally 
"came  the  awakening  impelled  by  a  ruder  invasion  of  soldiers 
and  land  greedy  backwoodsmen,  the  premonitory  ripple  of  inter- 
national interest  i^nd  world  absorbing  excitement. 


;  Slialer,  Hist,  of  U.S.,  I,  346. 


iQ^m^' 


3. 

notloy  aspoot  of  the  population. 

A  clearer  idea  of  the  population  question  vill  be  gained 
If  heed  to  a  few  statements  in  roferenoe  to  it  before  the  gold 
disoovory  is  taicen.  li^Tiat  wore  the  elements  In  the  population  of 
that  time  and  what  of  its  numerioan  strength?  Aooording  to  Mr. 
Bancroft ,  there  were  the  Hispano-Calif ornians,  who  controlled 
affairs  in  the  south;  while  in  the  north  men  from  the  United 
States  were  in  the  ascendency.  "These  latter  (i*e*  U.S.  men) 
are  (1'348)  already  nearly  equal  to  the  former »  numbering  some- 
what over  six  thousand,  while  the  HAspano-Californi^^ns  may  be 
placed  at  one  thousand  more.  The  ex-neophyte  natives  in  and 
about  the  ranches  and  towns  are  estimated  at  from  three  thous- 
and to  four  thovisand,  with  twice  as  many  among  the  gentile 
tribes.  The  new  element  classed  as  foreign  before  the  conquest 
of  eighteen  hundred  and  forty  six,  had  from  one  hundred  and 
fifty  in  eighteen  hundred  and  thirty  grown  slowly  till  eighteen 


1   Hiimanity  here  is  varied*.  This  refers*  to  California 
previous  to  1348  but'  is  just  as  applicable  later.  B^moroft,  Hist 
of  Californic,,  VI,  2. 

"From  Mexico,  from  iSurope,  from  the  Atlantic  States,  from 
South  America  and  from  China  there  came  pouring  into  the  port 
of  San  Francisco  and  down  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierras  in 
wagons  and  on  foot  such  a  mixed  and  heterogeneous  mass  of  ener- 
getic, daring  j nd  reckless  men  as  had  never  before  invaded  any 
part  of  the  continent."  Cal.  Agr.  Society  Re-^ort,  1888,  p. 449. 


4. 

hundred  and  forty  five;  after  which  it  took  a  bound  assisted  by 
oyer  two  thousand  who  oame  as  soldieris  in  the  regular  and  vol- 
unteer corps,  not  included  in  the  muster  rolls The  first 

steady  stream  of  immigrants  is  oomposed  of  stalwart,  restless 
backwoodsmen  from  the  western  frontier  of  the  United  States; 
self  reliant  and  of  ready  resource  in  building  homes,  even  if 
less  enterprising  and  broadly  utilitarian  than  those  who  fol- 
lowed them  from  the  eastern  states." 

Another  aloment  is  the  Kn^lish  representative,  "burly 
of  mind  and  body,  full  of  animal  energy,  marked  by  f.ggreasive 
stubbornness,  tinctured  with  brusQueness  and  conceit,* 

In  this  list  a  place  Is  given  to  the "omnipresent, 
quick  wit ted"  Celt,  who  is^more  sympathetic  and  silf  adaptive 
than  the  arrogant  and  prejudiced  Snglishman  or  the  coldly  cal- 
culating Soot.*  And  to  the  ""easy  going,  plodding  German,  with 
his  love  of  knowledge  and  deep  solidity  of  mind." 

Other  component  parts  may  be  added  to  the  number  cci- 
ready  mentioned,  as  for  example,  the  Italians.* 

It  may  assist  to  oloamose,  if  the  facts  just  stated 
are  kept  in  mind,  on  passing  across  the  line  of  "forty  eight" 


'^   Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Cal.,  VI,  3-4;  Shaler,  Hist,  of 
U.S.,  I,  345. 


>'Wl    *I®Vi 


5. 

Into  *for^y  nine*. 

The  immodiate  offeot  of  the  discovery  incident  on  Cal- 
ifornia was  abandonment  of  farms |  closing  of  stores  and  set- 
ting off  every  man  to  the  gold  field.  But  the  ten  thousand 
gold  seekers  of  early  *forty  nine*  inoreased  to  more  than 
one  liunderd  thousand  by  the  olose  of  "forty  nine*. 

This  fact  raised  California  from  an  insignificant 
colony  into  a  busy  and  thriving  Commonwealth;  and  lifted  her 
metropolis  from  a  hamlet  to  a  commercial  center*  As  a  oonse- 
quenoe  of  these  oiroumstancos,  the  period  of  probation,  com- 
mon to  all  territories  before  admission  to  statehood,  was  ob- 
viated. California  became  a  state  of  the  Union  the  next  year. 

From  the  preceding  paragraphs  it  becomes  clear  that 
the  discovery  of  gold  was  not  only  the  beginning  of  the  early 
mining  era  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  but  it  also  was  the  direct 
influence  that  increased  the  population  to  more  than  one  hun- 
dred thousand  souls,  from  a  number  less  than  fifteen  thousand 
or  twenty  thousand  perhaps. 

A  pertinent  question  at  this  p6int  is.  What  was  the 
character  of  the  majority  of  this  one  hundred  thousand?  One 


Bancroft,  Hist,  of  C-al.,  VI,  •   ; 
Shftler,  Hist,  of  U.S.,  I,  346. 
."^Shaler,  Hist,  of  U.S.,  I,  340. 


i  ©f« 


'>      t'^t 


6, 

author  aayS)  *lt  is  probable  that  no  better  oXaas  of  immi- 
grants was  ever  assembled  on  these  western  shores^  than  that 
which  oonsisted  the  California  pioneers.  The  very  poor  were 
deterred  by  the  distance  and  the  cost  of  the  Journey;  the  in- 
dolent and  timidi  the  aged  and  infirm^  by  its  hardships*  nor 
for  such  did  the  life  in  the  far  westy  its  privations  and 
vloissitudesi  present  any  stronger  attraction.  From  all  the 
nationalities  came  their  chosen  manhood  •   Not  the  least 
noticeable  features*  of  this  group  of  new  arrivals  "were  the 
youthfulness  and  vigor,  the  energy,  fortitude,  and  manly  self 
reliance  of  its  members"*'.  The  majority  were  "full  of  latent 
vivacity;  of  strong  intellect,  here  quickening  under  electric 
air  and  new  environment;  high  strung^  attenuated^  grave^ 
shrewd,  and  practical  and  with  impressive  positiveness. 

Here  the  query,  What  has  the  gold  discovery  in  con- 
nection with  the  manufacturing  industries  of  the  Coast?  may 
present  itself.  There  is  a  very  important  connection*  On  the 
one  hand,  the  situation  of  "forty  eight"  and  the  years  im- 
mediately following  made  manufacturing  impossible.*  On  the 
-.)  .)  .)  .)  .)  .)  4  .)  -)  .)  .)  4  4  .)  -)  4  4  .)  -)  -)  .)  4  .)  -)  .)  4  .).).. 

-^  Shaler,  Hist,  of  U.S.^  I,  346-347. 

"   Ibid. 

I  i 

Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Gal.,  VI,  3. 
4 

This  I  shall  attempt  to  show  in  a  subseouent  oerafrra  P 


■t  ?■ 


?• 


other  hand,  however i  the  very  phase  of  the  Coast  Industries 
in  quostion  has  its  origin  here.  How?  By  giving  to  the  Coast, 
the  necessary  personal  element.  This  Is  the  most  important 
factor  in  the  successful  building  up  of  all  such  onterprises/ 
To  this  era  is  due  the  credit  of  attracting  to  this   ^ 
Coast  a  sufficient  number  of  men,  who  knew  how  to  adapt  thoa- 
selves  to  their  environment,  and  who  knew  also  how  to  iaake 
that  environraont  minister  to  their  wants  and  needs.  It  drew 
here  those  who  could  manufacture,  the  American  from  the  Kast 
and  middle  west;  the  ISnglishmon,  from  a  manufacturing  ooun- 
try.  These, with  the  Oej?man,  had  far  more  to  do  with  the  be- 

ginning  and  carrying  on  of  Pacific  Coast  manufactures  than 

V 
at  first  sight  appears. 

We  have  had  pointed  out  to  us  recently,  the  unfavorabie' 
environment  for  manufactures  in  Mexico;  and  in  addition  a 
more  Important  fact  of  the  unfitness  for  and  the  indifferent 
disposition  of  the  people  themselves  to  manufacturing  enter- 
prises. It  is  true  that  the  necessary  qualifications  for 
mi  nufaoturing  were  possessed  by  some  of  the  Goi^st's  inhabit- 
ants prior  to  the  great  rush  for  gold,  but  there  was  not  a 


Sheldon,  Industrial  Development  of  Mexico*,  San  Fran- 
cisco Chronicle,  December  30,  18U4. 


suffloient  numbor  to  oarry  on  oxtonslve  undert  aiding  a.  But 

had  the  inunlgratlon  to  the  Coast  oontinuod  at  the  sane  rato 

of  Inorease  as  previous  to  the  discovery.  I  am  inolioed  to 

thin!<  that  California,  Oregon  and  Washington  would  soarooly 

be  worthy  of  notice,  so  far  as  this  side  of  their  development 

is  oonoemed.  Surely  progress  under  present  conditions  is 

slow  enough."" 

Having  now  given  some  account  of  the  most  important 

element  contributed  by  the  mining  era  of  the  Pacific  Coast, 

and  which  made  manufacturing  subsequently  possible |  we  come 

next  to  note  the  condition  which  made  m^tnufaoturing  tempo- 

im 
rarily^possible 


"At  one  breath,  gold  cleared  a  wilderness  and  trt^ns* 
planted  thither  the  politics  and  institutions  of  the  most  ad* 
vanoed  civilization  in  the  world.*  Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Cal., 
VI,  42C. 

There  is  an  interesting  contrast  in  the  manner  of 
Immigration  before  and  after  "forty  eight".  Preceding  '43, 
it  was  done  "quietly  with  deferential  air,  they  drop  in  asic- 
ing  hospitality;  first  as  way- worn  stragglers,  from  trapping 
expeditions,  or  as  deserting  sailors  from  vessels  prowling 
along  the  coast  in  quest  of  trade  od  secrets.  The  compact 
bands  of  restless,  frontirr  settlers  slip  over  the  border, 
followed  by  the  firmer  tread  ofl  determined  pioneers,  who  ■ 
wait  for  strength  and  opportunity.  Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Cal,, 
VI,  2. 

After  *43  we  get  a  glimpse  by  noting  the  fact  that 
within  twelve  months  more  than  one  thousand  vessels  entered 
San  Francisco  port.  Imnigri tion  was  sudden,  lively,  rushing. 
Shaler,  Hist,  of  U.S.  I,  346. 


S   l.,oi 


wi 


An  examination  of  the  prioos  of  the  period  will  sxif- 
ficiently  indicate  the  situation. 

In  eighteen  hundred  and  forty  nine,  and  fifty  common 
labor  ooinmanded  from  eight  to  ten  dollars  a  day.  Moohanioal 
labor,  however,  demanded  muoh  more.  Could  any  one  afford  to 
engage  in  manufacturing?  This  is  not  all,  no .  Through  the 
whole  period  in  mind  the  situation  remained  the  Qime ,   "There 
were  few  articles  of  general  consumption  that  could  not  be 
imported  for  the  merest  fraction  of  what  would  then  be  the 
cost  of  local  production.  All  that  man  needed  for  daily  use 
was  imported  by  sea,  from  the  miner's  shovel  to  tlie  ready  m^da 
storehouse  of  the  merchant.  In  March  "forty  eight*  flour  was 
selling  in  San  Francisco  at  five  dollars  per  hundred  weight; 
a  month  or  two  later,  at  fifteen  dollars,  while  later  still, 
in  some  of  the  ninint;  canps  it  sold  for  two  h\?ndrod  dollars 
and  more.  In  the  winter  of  "forty  nine*  a  pair  of  blankets 
or  boots  in  Goloma  wore  worth  from  sixty  to  seventy  dollars; 
on  the  north  forK  of  the  American  river,  whore  were  some  of 
the  richer  placers,  five  dollars  a  pound  was  the  usual  price 
of  provisions,  and  at  the  southern  mines  a  bottle  of  liquor 
could  not  be  had  for  less  than  twenty  dollars.  At  many  points 
there  were  no  ostablished  rates,  goods  of  whatever  descriptiof| 
selling  at  whatever  the  conscience  of  the  shopkeeper  permit* 


ted  him  to  oharge.* 


10. 

1 


Fortunate,  however,  for  the  Paoiflo  Coast  this  intensi** 
fled  oondition  did  not  long  continue •  for   aeveral  years  It  is 
true  the  mines  gave  agenarous  yield  to  the  labors  of  the  gold 
digger*  In  "forty  nine",  forty  millions  of  dollars  were  obtain- 
ed; but  the  maximun  yield  of  sixty  five  millions  of  dollars  was 

2 
reached  in  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty  three, 

y 
Thenoe  began  the  decline.  The  great  period  of  inflation 

was  gone  and  with  it  went  many  a  valuable  cargo  of  goods,  which 
clearly  indicated  a  "woful  lack  of  business  judgment,*  TTius 
departed  the  great  era  that  initiatdd  California  into  the  mys- 
teries of  the  Union,  and  which  gave  rise  to  those  industries 
upon  which  the  coast  must  and  has  since  depended.  *The  good 
old  days  of*forty  nine"  were  gone*  never  more  to  return. 

We  turn  now  to  agriculture,  the  hand  maid  of  manufactur- 
ing. Necessity  gave  rise  to  this  great  branch  of  the  Coast's 
industries. 


Shaler,  Hist,  of  U.S.  I,  340. 

^  Ibid. 

3  « 

Modem  agriculture,  as  we  know  It  on  this  coast  today 

was  bom  of  the  necessity  of  those-  early  years.*  -  Transactions 

of  Gal.  St.  Agri.  Soc,  1881,  p  27. 


11. 

*rhe  falling  off  in  the  yield  of  the  r.inea  compelled  men  to 
seek  other  fields  of  labor*  They  must  live  and  many  of 
those  who  were  possessed  of  sufficient  foresight  concluded 
that  they  could  do  as  well  here  rs  elsewhere.  Consequently 
they  turned  to  the  valley »  and  began  to  plant  and  cultivate. 
The  extent  to  which  this  has  been  carried  will  appear  from 
a  few  historical  statements. 

In  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty  three,  the  year  of  the 
greatest  annual  product  of  the  mines,  agriculture  was  still 
in  "swaddling  clothes/  But  slowly  and  stirely  agriculture 
became  so  large  that  it  had  to  lay  aside  its  once  neces- 
sary  dress  and  don  that  belonging  to  a  higher  station.  Tlius 
implying  that  it  had  grown  to  sufficient  size  to  be  able  to 
satisfy  the  wants  and  needs  of  the  Coast  population.  Grain 
and  stoclcraising  were  the  principal  elements  of  the  o»rlior 
period.*"  But  later,  cultivation  of  fruits  of  all  varieties 
assumed  an  important  place. 

A  few  figures  will  g2ve  a  clearer  idea  of  the  growth 
of  agriculture.  Take  wheat.  In  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy 
seven  aiid  seventy  eight,  California  alone  had  one  million 


Scientific  American,  December  26,  1891. 

^  Shaler,  Mist,  of  U.S.,  I,  349. 

3 

Internal  Commerce  Report,  1390,  p  295. 


[S   td 


12. 

EIGHT  HUNDRED  THOUSAMd  wheat  acreage,  yielding  sixteen  mil- 
lion oentals;  in  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety  and  ninety 
one,  three  million  acres  were  sown  to  wheat,  producing 
thirty  million  cantals.  This  shows  an  inorec.se  of  rr^re  than 
fifty  per  cent  in  thirteen  years*  The  price  of  the  same  at 
tide  water  in  eighteen  hundred  and  eight  was  one  dollar 
and  seventy  cents;  in  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety  one,  it 
was  two  dollars  two  and  one-half  oents. 

As  to  other  grains,  the  barley  product  was  one  fourth 
of  the  entire  supply  of  the  Union. 

Taking  a  soujewhat  broader  view  we  learn  from  the  cen- 
sus reports  that  California,  Oregon  and  Washington  had  in 
eighteen  hundred  and  fifty,  two  thousand  and  thirty  six 
farms,  cultivating  one  hundred  and  sixty  five  tliousand  three- 
hundred  and  eleven  aoros.'  In  eigl^teen  hundred  and  sixty, 

twenty  five  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty  two  farms  till- 

3 
ed  two  million  four  hundred  and  forty  six  thousand  acres. 

In  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy,  thirty  four  thousand  four 

hxmdred  and  thirty  eig-  t  fcinns  cultivated  seven  million 


Soiontifio  American,  April  2,  1802,  p.  213. 

2 

Census  Report,  1860.  'Agriculture*. 

Ibid. 


^>lS 


13. 


five  hiindrod  and  twenty  six  thousand  four  hundred  and 

twenty  nine  aores.  In  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty,  fifty 

eight  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty  farms  included  twenty 

two  million  two  hundred  and  seventeen  thousand  eight  hund- 

'  ft 
red  and  seventy  five  acres. *^  These  figures  give  us  the 

/A 
growth  of  agriculture. 

A  few  words  by  way  of  summary  from  the  conclusion  of 
this  chapter. 

*The  American  conquest  of  California  made  an  industrial 
revoliition  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  unpi^ralleled  in  its  oom* 
pleteness,  its  suddenness  and  its  vfide* reaching  influences. 

Census  Report,  137  0.  'Wealth  and  Industry. 

2 

Census  Report,  1880.  This  is  the  latest  report  giv- 
ing figures  desired.  The  following  table  presents  this 
matter  in  these  figures: 

Kiunber  of  Farms. 


State 

1050 

13G0 

1870 

ir.co 

Sal. 

Oregon 
Wash. 

872 
1164 

18,716 
5,806 
1,330 

23,724 
7,687 
3.127 

35,934 

16,217 

6,52S 

Totil 

2,030 
Number  of 

25,852                  34,436 
Acres  under  Gultivtition. 

3S,680 

St<ite 

1860 

laco 

1870 

1380 . 

Cal. 
0  regon 

32,434 
113,357 

2,463,034 
806,414 

6,218,133 
1,116,290 

16,5U3,742 
4,214,712 

1.49? .iPI 

Total    165,311  2,446,517     7,526,429    ::2,217,875. 


awj 


1«. 

TJie  number  of  English,  Germani  Amorioan  and  French  resi- 
dents rapidly  increased,  the  European  boooming  speedily 
Americans  in  their  sympathies  and  nodes  of  wor/cing...  and 
in  one  year  three  times  as  many  men  as  the  entire  previous 
white  population  of  the  Territory  jrushed  to  it  by  land  and 
sea...  Year  after  ^ear  the  thron£5  continued  to  pour  in.  For 
five  yaars  the  average?  washing  of  the  industrious  miner 
•wounted  to  twelve  dollars  a  day  and  frequently  rose  to 
forty  dollars  without  any  i*pprentioeship  or  special  skill. 
This  high  pay  left  little  chance  for  profit  on  local  agri- 
cultural products  or  manufactures.  Such  articles  could  be 
obtained  in  abundance  at  less  expense,  from  other  countries. 
There  wore  few  forms  and  no  factories.  All  the  clothing 
and  tools,  most  of  the  provisions  and  lumber  and  even  ready 
made* houses  were  imported.  The  two  almost  exclusive  ooou- 
patlons  of  the  people  north  of  the  latitude  of  Monterey 
were  mining  and  trading. 

But  the  five  years'  constituting  this  iim)ortant  period 
drew  from  otxier  sections  the  necessary  personal  element  by 
the  magnetic  force  in  gold.  Hot  long  was  the  feet  that 

Hittell,  ?ac.  Coast  Conn,  and  Judus,  4«3. 
^  1848  -  1853. 


15  • 


prosperity  was  safer  and  surer  down  in  the  rioh  valleys 
than  in  the  high  plaoos  in  oearoh  for  the  yellow  substance > 
hidden  from  the  new  population  of  the  coast.  Out  of  these 
has  ooiae  the  third  groat  Induotrj^  of  the  Paoifio  Cotst, 
namely  Manufacturing.  X 


Soientifio  Amor  loan,  Deoomber'  20,  1891.  -  See 
Overlf^nd  Montlily,  Vol.  II,  p.  230  ff. 


:?2dT;Ti 


le. 


Chapter  II. 
SELECTED  IHDUSTi.xi2.o . 


Having  oonwidored  in  part  the  conditions  that  e^ve 
rise  to  the  m< nuf aoturln^  industries  of  the  Paoifio  Coast, 
wet  oome  now  to  examine  oeptain  of  these  industriesi  which 
are  regarded  as  representative,  and  as  possesalnc  sreat 
possibilities  and  importance  for  the  future. 

1.  \Voolen  Industry. 

1 

One  of  the  eirrliest  founded  branches  of  Paoifio  Coast 

industry  is  the  mc^nufaotvire  of  woolon  fabrics,  since  shoop 
husbandry  forms  one  eleinent  in  the  basis  of  this  business 
end  which  also  gave  groat  encouragement  to  this  line  of  manu- 

faoturjn£s»  wo  may  state  in  a  ftw  paragraphs  the  situation 
of  this  aspect  of  our  subject. 

The  rearing  of  sheep  and  the  production  of  wool  has 
witnessed  many  fluctuations  during  the  forty  five  years 
that  have  elapsed  sinoe  the  Amerioans  began  to  devote  their 


1 

Croniso,  Wealth  of  Cal.,  602. 


SOfTI 


17. 

attention  to  It. 

During  the  prosperous  period  of  the  Missions  many 
shdep  wyre  raised*  But  abandonment  of  the  lUssions  o<:-<usod 
severe  suffering  to  this  industry.  Even  more  than  either 
the  horae  or  oattlo  branch  of  live  stock  raising.  These 
oould  be  turned  loose,  and  would  care  for  themselves.  But 
sheep  must  have  a  guardian  to  protect  them.  Wild  beasts 
attached  the  flocks  and  soon  the  sheep  would  scatter  and  bo 
destroyed. 

Kenoe  when  the  An:eriot^n  ocoupttion  set  in,  very  few 
of  the  vast  herds  once  belon^ine  to  the  Missions,  were  left. 
Those  that  still  remained  had  degenerated  into  a  (j&unt 
lone  legged,  half  wild  sort  of  beast,  which  produced  little 
wool . 

But  not  until  the  Anerioan  had  engaged  in  the  sheep 
industry  did  the  product  of  v/col  become  important.  The 
first  consideroble  oli-)  recorded  after  the  occupation  was 
in  e  ghteen  hundred  and  fifty  four.  The  amount  that  year 
w^»3  one  hundred  and  seventy  five  thousand  pounds. 

From  that  time  onward  the  number  of  sheep  as  well  as 
the  output  of  wool  steadily  increased  to  eighteen  hundred 
and  seventy  six,  in  which  year  the  amount  of  wool  produc- 
tion was  fifty  six  millions  five  and  fifty  thousand  pounds. 


intjd 


10 

To  this  data,  however,  tho  owners  of  shaap  enjoyed 
special  advantages.  The  greater  portion  of  the  Saoramento 
and  San  Joaquin  valleys  was  unsettled  and  unfcnoed;  while 
la  the  southern  oountios  millions  6f  toros  were  in  the  same 
condition.  Most  of  this  land  produced  good  crops  of  natural 
grass,  upon  which  the  sheep  throve.  When  the  feed  grew 
short  in  one  place  tho  flocks  could  be  easily  driven  to  an- 
other. The  important  point  Is  that  c^bundiince  of  feed  was 
always  at  hand. 

During  this  haloycn  period  of  vast  fortune  making  in 
the  sheep  business,  it  was  frequently  the  case  that  the 
sheep  owners  did  not  possess  the  title  to  a  single  acre, 
used  for  pasturc*ge.  Where  rent  was  paid  it  was  merely  nomi- 
nal, only  a  cent  or  two  per  acre. 

In  eighteen  hundred  ^nd  seventy  six  the  conditions  be' 
Qtiti   to  change.  The  railroad  was  extonde  through  the  val- 
leys, thus  opening  them  to  settlement.  The  advent  of  the 
homesteader  and  the  pre-empter  m«^rks  t:  e  beginning  of  the 
end  of  sheep  *"awaing  on  free  and  open  land.  From  that  year 
tho  amount  in  the  production  of  wool  grew  less  and  less. 
Consequently  we  have  this  situation,  that  from  fifty  six 


The  decrease  in  each  year's  clip  serves  as  a  pretty 
certain  indication  in  the  progress  of  settlement. 


nililons  in  eightoon  hundred  and  seventy  six  there  vras  a 
gradual  dooroase  to  thirty  one  millions  pounds  In  eieliteon 
hundred  and  eighty  seven.  But  here  the  turning  point  oamo 
into  view,  and  inoroase  is  perooptible.  This  faot  is 


1. 

1854 

1855 
1B56 
1C57 
1858 
1650 
1660 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1604 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1668 
1869 
1870 
137ft 
1872 
1073 
1874 


for  1890 


P^Wc^P 


175 
300 
600 

i;iio 

428 
378 
155 


1 
2 
3 
3 
5 

e 

7 
8 
8 
10 
14 
15 
20 
22 
24 
32 
3D 


721 

OQO 
268 

94U 
532 
203 

0*70 

413 

072 
187 
255 
155 
351 


000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
000 
327 
9&8 
300 
480 
u70 
931 
047 
GOO 
637 
970 

oco 

188 

4Co 
luU 
301 


yo.ar 

1875 
1876 
1877 
1378 
1879 
1380 
1881 
1382 
1B83 
1864 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
160Q 
18i/0 

1804 
18£5 


JQ.12UXldS 


223 
973 
742 

091 
360 
154 
639 
119 
690 
330 
390 
160 
231 
972 
180 
000 

':^oo 

000 


43, 

>532» 

66, 

»650, 

63 

,110, 

40 

,862, 

46 

,903, 

46 

,074, 

42 

,076, 

40 

40 

,848, 

37 

,415, 

36, 

,561, 

38, 

,509, 

31, 

,564, 

32, 

,569, 

36, 

,760, 

34, 

,854, 

33, 

,000, 

32, 

,000, 

Interna^l  Commoroe  Report,   1890,   p. 333.   The  i*mQurit 
!s.nd  1894  were  obti^ined  froK  different   iiouroes. 


/ 


A.J4.,'.L .. 


^ 


20 

largely  due  to  Improved  methods  of  carirs:  for  sheep. 

The  breaking  up  of  the  esi*eat  range  h*  s  produced  an 
opposite  effect  to  that  anticipated  by  those  who  were  con- 
nected with  it.  The  best  grades  have  been  introduced,  so 
that  the  business,  to  the  extent  of  this  phase |  has  b«en 
plaoed  on  a  firm  bc^sis  of  prosperity.*"  Such  is  In  outline 
the  production  of  wool  in  California.  In  Oregon,  however,  as 
it  ir  today  this  branch  of  live  stock  raising  constitutes 
one  of  the  great  staples  in  product.  Still  its  history  is 

O 

sir.ilc;r  to  that  of  California.   IJothing  was  done  of  any  note 


The  effect  of  these  methods  are  seen  in  tlie  follow- 
ing statements.  Careful  husbandry  has  supplanted  nomadie 
practices.  The  annual  clip  In  U.S.  has,  therefore,  increased 
three  fold  in  last  50  years.  In  Australia,  ten  fold.  In 
South  America  nine  fold.  In  British  po'saosaions  of  South 
Africa  the  increase  has  been  five  fold.  This  outside  wool 
haaforoed  dovoi  the  price  of  the  best  American  wool.  Ko  tar- 
iff has  or  oan  stay  this  cause  and  effect.  From  within  the 
influence  is  exerted  hy   the  clips  of  nomadie  flocks  west  of 
141  as.  -Hivcr  because  the  owners  of  sheep  pay  little  or  no 
rental.  Oalifornla  has  not  been  able  to  hold  her  own  against 
this  conpotition  and  her  clip  has  /gradually  fallen  froci 
36,550,000  poinds  in  1376  to  33,000,000  pounds  today.  (Jan. 
26,  1594)   At  about  this  amount  it  has  stood  for  the  last 
seven  years.  Wool  and  Ilam.facture,  1GG4,  p  6. 

"^   San  I^rancisoo  Chronicle,  January  1,  18^2. 

1360  Oregon  produced   200,000  pounds  of  wool. 
1870   •       *•     1,500,000   •    -    «« 
1880  More  than  eight  millions  pounds  were  exported. 
Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Cal. ,  VII,  bi)   -  61.  International  Com- 
merce Report,  p.  621^-33. 


on 

until  the  Americans  took  hold  of  the  business.  V/cshington 
BeQms   to  havQ  had  moro  favorable  olroiimstanoes  under  which 
to  begin  this  phase  of  her  stoci:  raising. 
b«  Woolen  Mills, 

In  the  seotion  Just  prooedine  the  condition  of  the 
source  from  which  the  Paoific  Coi^st  drav/s  its  raw  neterial 
in  woolen  manufacture  is  stated,  wo  now  turn  to  the  naking 
of  this  Into  fabrics. 

The  first  textile  fabrics  made  in  California,  or  on 
the  coast  as  to  that,  wore  the  coarse  rough  blankets,  at 
the  missions.  Those  tooK  the  place  of  the  scanty  fibre  weft 
of  the  unconverted  Indians.  For  nearly  fifty  years,  while 
the  missions  wore  prosperous  under  the  dominion  of  Sp«in 
and  the  manaQomont  of  the  Franciscan  Friars,  wool  was  thus 

utilized.  But  on  the  fall  of  those  institutions  this  manu- 

o 
facturo  disappeared.*^ 

However,  the  first  mill  establisled  for  making  woolen 

fabrics  is  due  to  Ilom  on  enterprise.  In  Utah,  then,  P^hoifio 


Internal  Commerce  Heport,  p  y05,.  The  acoompan- 
ins  tablu  shows  the  amounts  of  wool  produoed. 

1007  2,230,415 

1888  4,700,314 

188'a  4,513,267 

ISeO  4,385^,480. 


18C3 

83  83,326 

1375 

3^6,567 

1880 

^,117,064 

1885 

6,402,563 

1886 

5,t38,220 

oo 


Coast  nftnufi^oturos  take?  their  be  ;inninc.  There  they  had  a 
good  supply  of  skilful  ancl  steady  letborors.  Bein^,  protected 
felso  by  the  £;reat  oost  of  exporting  wool  fend  importing  oloth- 
ins  over  on©  thouoand  miles  of  wacon  road,  tho  Mormons  built 
t.   mill  fct  West  Jordao  in  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty  three. 

But  for  the  first  ventures  in  voolen  manufacturing  in 
the  three  states  here  in  r.ind  we  rrazst  ^o  tp,  Oregon*.  The 
flr^st  steps  in  this  direction  vfsre  taken  in  eigJiteen  hundred 
and  fifty  fouri  when  u  carding  mt^ohine  was  erected  at  Albany ^^ 
In  the  early  spring  of  the  next  year  machinery  was  erected 
In  i-'olk  county  for  37 inning,  weaving,  dyeing  and  dressing 
woolen  cloths.  It  was  not,  however,  until  April,  eighteen 
hundred  «nu  i iity   six  that  an  association  was  formed  at 
Salem  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  woolen  manufactory. 


page  21.   San  Francisco  Chronicle,  Jan.  1,  1BC2,  p  5. 
Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Cal.,  VII,  83. 

It  is  '.vorthy  to  note,  however,  that  Utah  had  one  es- 
tablishment in  ISGO!  with  70  spindles;  '3  in  1870,  with  1020 
spindles;  one  in  ISSO  with  432  spindles.  The  number  of  looms 
in  1870  was  11;  in  1800,  14.  The  number  of  employees  in  1360 
was  7;  in  1670,  16;  in  1300,  29.  They  were  as  regards  sex; 

Male  iM2         im^  imi 

Males        4  10  10 

Females      3  2  8 

Youths  and   -  4  5 

Children. 

Census  Report,  1680. 


0 


23. 

This  was  known  as  the  Willamette  Woolon  Tiills  and  was  the 
first  mill  of  any  importanoo  of  the  Paoifio  Co"st.  Othar 
mills  were,  from  time  to  time,  founded.  But  many  have  boon 
foroed  to  abandon  f\irther  operation. 


The  'iriTillamette  liilla  bogan  oporatlon  in  1657  with 
t'rfo  seta  ofi  woolen  maohinory*  T"^©  prime  noveir  of  this  enter- 
prise was  James  Watt,  William  Reotor,  superintendent  of  con-  . 
strjotion,  was  sent  East  to  puroh^ise  the  requisite  maohiner^.f 
The  company  purchased  the  right  of  way  to  bring  the  water  of 
the  Santian  iUvor  to  i>i»lem.  This  they  did  by  moans  of  a  can- 
al, which  makes  th**  snot  one  of  the  best  water  powers  on 
the  P^^oifio  Coast.  In  the  last  months  of  tho  year  the  fi^o- 
torj'  was  ready  for  business  tmd  the  completion  was  celebrat- 
ed by  the  firing  of  u  cannon.  <;.75,000  wf.s  thus  'invested.  For 
some  time  the  mill  returned  little  or  no  profit.  It  was, 
ho'.fever,  i-    subject  of  nuch  ridicule  on  the  part  of  the  sur- 
rounfling  oom^nunity  and  a  source  of  vexation  to  the  stock- 
holders. But  perseverance  f^nd  skilful  management  made  the 
enterprise  a  success  in  a  few  years.  Then  the  oompi-ny's 
stock  rose  from  a  heavy  discount  to  1100  per  cent  premium. 
In  IGOO  tJie  capacity  of  the  mills  was  doubled,  but  after 
Sttveral  years  more  of  prosperity  the  mills  burned  to  the 
ground  in  May,-  187G.  Ilittell,  Commerce  and  Industries,  445. 
Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Ori^'gon,  I;  II,  335,  731-732.  The- goods 
mi^^nufac lured  were  flannels,  blankets  and  oassimeros.  Other 
important  mills  were  established  at  Oregon  City  in  18o4; 
at  Brownsville  In  1875,  still  others,  but  of  minor  import- 
ance **t  Ashland,  and  Dayton  in  1072.  How  many  mills  in  Ore- 
gon today  I  cannot  say.  The  only  report  accessible  is  the 
IvUh  Report  of  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Portland.  This  is  for 
1892  and  gives  the  following.  • 

IBUO  360  ^^80,000 

1391  397  3  865,000 

1892  31^5  ^880, 000. 


Chronoloisiocilly, California  oomoa  next.  In  ei£^htcen 
hundred  i<nd  fifty  ei£jht  the  first  California  mill  was  built. 
Th  v8  was  a  time  whon  Industrial  sVill  was  scarce  and  extra-^ 
va^jantly  liitiii|  when  raw  material  was  of  an  inferior  vnuallty; 
whon  money  was  loaned  at  exorbitant  into rest.  In  a  word  the 
manufacturer  h^^d  to  struggle  cigainst  all  tho  difficult ios  in- 
cident to  starting  a  now  industry. 

In  1B61  it  oeoarno  ovident  that  the  armios  drawn  from 
the  produotivo  industries  of  the  nation  had  to  bw  olotJiad 
ixiG   o'iUipped;  Kastorn  oitior;  -.i-ora  enlarf^Ati(^  old  mills  and 
buildin'j  n^v  nnoa.   These  were  hurried  into  operation.  Every 
0 -r  r  ^-  \   spindle  t.nd   loom  was  ti^xar    to  its  utnost  oapucity. 
During  this  period  the  Paoifio  Coast  woolen  mills  began  to 
reap  the  benufita  whioh  tho  onorgy  and  sorely  taxed  patience 
of  their  promoters  so  well  deserved. 

The  first.  T/ool^n  mill  was  thu  Pioneer.  The  census, 
ho'sfever,  of  ol^htoen  hundred  and  eighty  enumerates  nine  mills 
But  since  then  the  number  of  mills  and  their  production  have 
increased.  These  mills  consumed  a  little  more  than  one-fifth 
of  the  wool  product,  but  oonditions  are  ohanginfi^.  Hot  many 


Hittell,  ?ac.  Goi^-st  Indus.,  447. 


25 


mills  a?0  in  opfjpation,  but  tho  n^filitj'  of  tboir  goods  ht»o 
Loon  improved. 

Of  course  '^ashin/^ton  took  up  tho  r^iattor  of  woolen 


Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Cal . ,  VII,  88.  Outline  xiistory  of 
tho  pionyer  Woolen  Mills. 

Thcj  project  fctartod  in  the  mind  of  Mr.  ?cok,  who  gi.va 
his  iit  tent  ion  to  the  subject  and  satisfied  hinisolf  that  the 
wool  yir.ld  of  oocyst  wovild  continue  to  increase  rapidly,  that 
the  necessity  of  exporting  the  bulk  of  the  clip  would  civo 
groHt  i*dvi.nta{3e  to  San  Franciaoo  r.t.nufi^otiirer  in  quc^lity  and 
price  of  his  wool  and  that  the  weaving  of  coarse  woolen  goods 
must  be  a  source  of  profit  in  t*.   few  years. 

Tho  wills  were  erected  in  I860  at  Blc^c/:  Point  in  tlie 
nortliwost  part  of  Scin  Francisco.  Tho  buildings  were  of  wood 
and  at  sane  tine  were  spaoioiis  and  convenient.  They  were,  too,? 
filled  with  costly  machinery,  which  had  been  carefully  select- 
ed from  eastern  foundaries  Tlic  mills  be^^an  to  work  in  I^jd'j  , 
After  hc.vln/j  run  a  few  years  the  mills  burned  down,  Oct., 
1861.  At  this  tirne  the  narket  in  that  condition  in  which  the 
manuf c-cturer  was  ablj  to  realize  a  profit  from  the  operation 
of  the  mills. 

-  ^li^n   the  mills  burned  they  were  possessed  with  4  sots 
of.  cards  and  10  looms.  The  proprietors  set  about  imi^iodiate- 
ly   to  rebuild.  The  buildings  wore  of  brick,  tnoro  sfiacious  and 
were  constructed  with  idea  of  greater  safety.  In  December, 
however,  of  16G1  a  cor.pany  was  inocrporcted  to  purchase  the 
business.  The  capital  was  at  first  vioo,000,  l>ut  soon  after 
it  was  inctcasad  to  v^00,000.  The  ne^'  mill  began  operation 
in  'June,  1862  with  ii  sets  of  cards,  31  looms  and  2,800  spind- 
les. For  sonetinc  the  entire  oapacity  of  tl^e  mills  was  need- 
ed to  supply  the  den«^nd  on  the  coast. 

In  a  few  years  this  mill  with  the  Ilission  woolen  rJlls 
drove  out  of  the  markut  all  those  goods  manufactured  else- 
where,, of  the  kind  they  r»ade.  The  homo  demand  was  good  and 
it  was  a  proaporous  day  for  the  mills. 

In  1681  the  mills  occupied  ^  four  story  brick  building 
CO  feet  by  400  ft.  They  had  30  sets  of  cards,  130  looms,  and 
12,000  spindles. 

The  mills  manufactured  blankets,  tweeds,  oassimeres, 
dorskins  and  other  woolen  ^oods. 


'S, 


26 


manufaoturc^  after  Oro^on  and  California, 


Their  product   in  lOOC  was  oO,000  paira  of  blanKots, 
60,000  yards  of   bro&doloth,    twoodo,   oassimeres,    375,000  yards 
6f  flannel.   Tho  r.ills  oonsumod  1,500,000  pounds  of  finu  wool. 
In  1067  40,000  pairs  of  blankets  were  made,   100,000  yards  of 
brohdoloth,   tweeds  and  oassimeroo.   300,000  yirrds  of  flannel. 
Consumed  1,600,000   pounds  of  wool.   But  later  it   is  found  that 
the  average  yearly  oonsumption  vas  about  3,500,000  pounds  of 
wool  find  100,000  pounds  of  cotton.   The  ne^terial  cost  about 
5600,000  wliile   tho  value  of   their  product  was  aoou-t  $1,500, 
0^0.   Coal  cost   about  r^70   a  day,   vjater  .)700  u  month.  Employ 
about  800  hands,   of  whom  500  were  white. 

The  history  of  oaoh  wcolen  mill   is  not  very  different 
from  this,   but  whether  or  not   the  mill   is  now  in  operation  I 
oftnnot    tell.   Cronise,   V/oalth  of   Cal. ,   440;    Hit  tell,    I\^o. 
Coast   Ind.,   440-441;    Baneroft,    Hist,    of   Cal,,    VII,   88. 

The  fnliowine   t£ible  will  give   the  situation  in  refer- 
ence  to   the   industry  fron  lOuO   to   1C0O-. 
Kunbor  of  e:^tt  blishnonts. 
3tiit£ 18ii0 16212 i^m iQyo 


Oregon 
Cal. 


JO 


6 
15 


ToV-3. 


Jl 


20 


oo 


Statp 


Number  of  employees - 

am 1820 1880 


3,9^0 


Cal. 
Oregon 


GO 

:5o 


G50 
173 


823 
216 


1,379 
412 

mt  f;iYpn> 


lokJL 


a  TO 


_IO£B 


JL.JPI. 


^iUL 


JJ^iilL.^ 


JLQ2!1 


lano  • 


JMjl 


Jt<  to 


Cal. 
Oroijon 


40  ?/:  5C4      31 


JLLi, 


*•?< 


108      103 
ICC        33 


Tot^a], 


IlL 


.25 70v      ^S 


^V2     149 


SlmlML 


Sl^fitftt 


X87P 


IS^ 


3l8i>9 


Cal. 
Oregon 


yinOjOOO   vl, 735, 000 
70,000      380,500 


1,^76,500 
566,800 

40,000 


2,CSp;5,y50 

1,350,585 

? . 


Totcl  .^170,000  2,1C5,500 


J83,300        4,346,535. 


a  I 


27. 

The  legislature  of  the  Territory  passed  an  aot,   Jan- 
uary eighteen  hundred  and  sixty  incorporating  the   Puget  Sound 
Woolen  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Tunwater,   but  nothing  over 
osirr.e  of  it  except  the  name.  This  was  suggestive  of  what  ought 
to  be  done   if  no  wore.   Again,  five  Jrears  later,   the  Washing- 
ton Woolen  Manufacturing  Company  of  Thurston  county  was  in* 
oorporated  with  results  as  in  the  other  instance.  Other  at- 
tempts wer^j  made  but  all  equally  unsuccessful.-^ 


^c^M. 


M€§i3jL. 


1360 


■     ^^70 


11 


I^VQ 


Cf-l. 

Oregon 


C 33, COO 

i6,rJoo 


^230,200 
112,113 


^334,316 

00,088 


^331,710 
175,313 


iQlLL 


a^-^QpQ. 


31IL 


^^  (  ^^  f  p  w  Li 


£(^07,031 


>t^<-t^> 


g,Q3t^  of  H£iter4t4r 


lliiio 


.1870 


.]J3ar). 


l^M. 


Cal . 

Oregon 


550,000 
37, coo 


;}  GOB, 141 
221,045 


il}S?,53Q 
,52.000 


62n,771 
327,252 


laiiJc 


.Q7,,v09 


^0;3V  ,78^>        vl  ,277  ,,024>.  wl  >l&0^O2?, 


Statfi. 


iraIi?j£^fii:.J?i!Oilllcit^. 


1^ 


n 


IQYP 


18^ 


i^yo 


Cal.  0150,090  ^;;l,102,751^  51, 034,863  ^1,4^8,203 
:)rGgon  B5,000  402,857  541?,  030  014,932 
Wftffh*   „, nrir rur __VO^no rrr. 


T9tf^3, v":^v^,QQP        vX>^;^^,CXQ v2, 253, 88^ ■v^',043a?§ 

Bth  Census  -   Manufiietures. 

Vth        *  Ind.    i^nd  VTciilth,   Woolen 

end  Manuf cloture  -   13i;4.   p. 52-55. 

B<-ncroft,  Hist,  of  Wash,  Idaho,  Mont.,  p.  350  -  351. 
There  is  ut  least  one  woolen  mill  in  Waahington  today, 
which  employs  75  men.  Sjattly  Pcst-Intelligonce,  Sept.  27, 
IBDo. 


28. 

2.  Cotton  Industry. 

a)  Produotion  of  Cotton. 

This  industry  is  soleoted  beoar.so  It  is  one  that  is 
llkoly  to  booome  a  very  important  one  for  the  Coast,  It  is 
olained  by  one  party  that  the  soil  is  not  boooninc  exhausted 
of  those  olcnjents  that  produoo  good  and  abundant  wheat.  By 
another  party  it  is  oontended  that  exhaustion  is  talcing  plaoe 
by  the  oontinuous  oropping  of  the  land  to  whuat,  and  in  or- 
der to  secure  tho  best  restilta  in  wheat  grofins,  sor'io  altern- 
ative crop  roust  be  planted.  Cotton,  it  is  said,  is  one  of  the 
most  important  substitutes. 

Cotton  wtjs  indicenous  to  Mexioo,  or  at  Ica^t  culti- 
vated by  the  Aztecs  before  the  Spanish  Conquest.  It  is  still 
extensively  srovni  there,  but  is  of  tho  same  kind  that  it  was 
four  centuries  ago.^  It  is  due  to  the  Spaniards,  however, 
that  it  'j?as  introduced  into  California,  where  one  of  the  mis- 
sion fathers  cultivated  it  to  some  extent  and  for  a  short  tir; 

3 

ftt   Paula.     But   subsequent   r)ianters  brought   their  knowledge   to 


Karlier  attitude-s  on  this  point  are  expressed  in 
Transactions  of-  Cal.   Agri^   Society,  167^.   Later,    in  Tobin's 
Labor  Report,   p. 24,    "increased  attention  is  being  ^iven  to 
tris   staple   in  Cal,"   Gonunercial   Herc-ld,   Ji^n*    13,   1681,   p. 8, 

Hit  tell,  Pi^G.   Coast  Ind.  2G3  -  2G4< 
^  Respecting  special  agriculture  products  it  appears 
that  only  cotton  raising  was  attempted  without  success  at  San 
Gabriel  in  1808.  Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Cal.,  II,  177. 


n»'D  ltd  r,'  *^  ■» 

omoc 


i   to 


rilJe  e 


t«  ai  -J 


29. 

1 
bear  upon  the  Industry  and  proved  beyond  a  doubt  th&t  ootton 

oould  be  suooossfully  and  profitably  produced  in  California.^ 
As  early  as  eighteen  himdrod  and  fifty  six  it  was  dononst rat- 
ed by  growors  th*it  oottnn  was  a  thrifty  growing  plant  in  this 

State.  In  that  year  the  California  State  Agricultural  Society 

3 
offered  prizes  for  the  best  ootton  produced.  During  the   Civil 

War  when  ootton  oopsnc^nded  a  high  price  tlie  State  Legislature 
offered  prer.iui.os  for  the  production  of  cotton  i^a   follows:  For 
the  first  one  liundred  belles ,  each  wei^'hing  throe  hundred 
'"^^T-nds,  three  thousand  dollars;  for  tiie  same  quantity  produc- 
ed the  first,  second  and  third  succeeding  years,  two  thousand, 

4 
one  thousand  and  five  hundred  respectively.   This  niove  on  the 

part  of  the  state  stiioulated  and  encouraged  the  £;rowins  of 

cotton,  thus  oavising  a  Ir.r^e  acroage  to  be  planted  in  the 


Bancroft,  Mist,  of  Oal,,  VII,  30  •  31. 

To bin.  Labor  Report,  p.  22. 

"'  Tffie  5rd  fair  of  the  Cal.  Agri.  Soc,  was  held  at  San 
Jose,  Oct.,  1350.  "^rcir^iuns  offered  for  cotton  were,  *For  the 
best  acre  of  ootton,  v75;  for  the  ^^nd  best  acre  of  cotton, 
.^25.*  Tri.nsactions  of  Cal.  St.  A^ri.  Soc,  1072,  n.  240. 

4 

Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Cal.,  II,  177;  Overland  Monthly, 

Vi,  o2e  -  336;  XIII,  13-23. 


.ii 


30. 


various   interior  valloys  of  the  state.   The  first  prizo  vront 
to  Los  Angolos  for  10b  acres  of  cotton.   The  oVnor  prizos  were 
divided  ftr.onc  Fresno,  Kern,   and  Meroed  ooimties. 

In  ei^htoen  hundred  and  seventy  three,   twenty   two 
thousand  eight  hundred  t^nd  eighty   six  pounds  of  California 
ootton  wore   shipped  to  Liverpool  and  found  ready  sale.   In 
eiijhteen  hundred  and  seventy  four  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres 
alon(5  the  Saoramento   River  bottom  yielded  thirty   six  thous- 
and pounds.  Besides  this  there  vure   several  other  tracts 
plants.    Thejy   ctstir-u^ated  nearly   six  hundred  aoros.   The  orop 
from  this  land  proved  a  success.   The  acreage   in  eighte^^n  hund- 
red t^au   iii^venty   fiVc;    ^4*0   still   larger.   At   that   tine   there 
v*a3  a  lull  in  enthusiasm  for  ootton  production.  There  was  no 
ready   r^^  rhet     for  ootton,    and   storage,    inouranoe,   cormnission 
and  other  incidental  expenses  ate  up  the  producer's  profits* 
WT-^eat  was  then  oomi^^.andnig  a  hi^h   price   cind   ready  money,    thus 
the  farmer  naturally   turned  attention  to  wheat  growing.   This 
was  the   sitiuitlon  until  ei£;hteen  hundred  <^nd  eighty  nine 


^   San  Francisco  Chronicle,   Jan.   1,   18S2;    Internal  Com- 
merce  Report,   18l;0,   p.    330. 


31. 

when  interest   in  ootton  produotion  vas  rotrived,    and  rr.ioh  in- 
terest is  at  presunt  manifeyted  in  the  possibilities  of  cot- 

rv 

ton  culture  in  California,  lixoapt  the  oornnetition  with  Japan~ 
thu  outlooK  is  fairly  brigl.t . 
b.  Cotton  Mttnufaoturo, 

The  first  mill  for  tbo  manufaoturo  of  ootton  fa brio s 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  was  erected  by  .-.Il.Keotor  «:  nd  Son  ^t 
Clinton  station,  East  Oakland,  California,  in  eighteen  hund- 
red and  sixty  five."  Kost  of  the  r&w  material  usedi  however, 
was  irqported  fron  the  iiast  by  ateciners  at  twenty  five  ocnts, 
in  gold>  a  pound.  In  February,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty 
seven  the  nill  was  cnlapt^  ed  c\nd  the  products  diversified.  But 

the  proprietors  found  little  or  no  prof it  in.  the  enterprise, 

4 
oonaequantly  in  u'ii^iteen  hrvadred  and  sixty  eight  a  proposl- 


Tobin,  :ic.bor  .^^  rt,  pp.  .j-j-'M.   Tried  as  a  c.^^tter  of 
curiosity  by  American  fan.aers  in  Cal .  between  Ic'oO  and  1370 
but  not  as  enoouragino;  as  mieht  be,  but  it  is  now  on  the  riso.| 
Hittell,  Pac.  Coast  Ind-,  '"64. 

San  Francisco  Call,  Jan.  24,  16S6. 

^  Organized  Aug.,  loub ,   Capital,  vlt)0,000.  Bancroft , 
Hist,  of  Ca].,  Vil,  88-S9;  Tobin,  Labor  Report,  18. 

"^  To  Jan.  1868  the  mill  made   shirting,  sheeting,  ftnd 
drills  with  a  species  of  wool  and  ootton  tweeds.  In  the  same 
month  of  tliat  year  the  capital  was  increased  to  §200, 000-  with 
the  intention  to  procure  machinery  for  making;  grain  bags.  The 
buildings  of  the  Oakland  Cotton  ^vlanufacturing  Company  were 
two  story  brick,  90  by  48,  two  wings  20  by  30  each,  contained 


32. 

tlon  was  aooeptyd  to  convert  the  mill  into  a  jute  manufaotury, 
whioh  has  recently  h&d  to  close  its  doors. 

For  f  if  ten  years  no  iittQrr»pt  was  made  to  revive  this  im- 
portant industry  in  Oalifornia.  But  in  eighteen  hundred  c.nd 
oighty  three,  an  entorprisAns  Sootohraan,  Mr.  William  Ruther- 
ford, undertook  the  vrorfi  of  starting  a  ootton  mill  in  the  im- 
mediate vioinity  of  the  one  whioh  had  failed.  He  knew  the  busi- 
ness of  ootton  manufiioturine  thoroughly,  having  been  brought 
up  to  it  from  his  early  years.  Ho  also  posi;t»ssed  capital  whioh 
ho  was  willing  to  venture  in  the  enterprise.  The  success  of 
the  California  Cotton  Tillls  is  due  in  the  main,  to  three  fao- 
tors,  namely,  si:ill,  experionco,  capital."  Tlio  mills  have  been 


35  looms,  employed  100  men   and  women.  Cronise,  ^flTcalth  of  Cal,, 
p  151-152,  605. 

^   San  Franoinoo  Call,  Deo.  17,  1B95,  pl3. 

~  Tobin,  Labor  Report,  p  19.  The  8  buildings  cover  6 
acres  of  ground,  £*nd   are  of  brick,  one  story  high.  They  were 
pli^nned  hi'   Mr.  Kutherford  himself.  The  mills  were  set  in  mo- 
tion in  1306,  t^nd  are  o^^nned  and  controlled  by  a  joint  stook 
company  having  a  capital  of  ^600, 000  of  whioh  §350,000  is  paid 
up. 

The  number  of  ootton  spindles  operated  is  4000  and  Jute 
spindles  1,020.  All  the  machinery  is  of  the  latest  and  most 
improved  pattern  and  cost  about  y200,000. 

The  i^.ills  manufacture  cotton  »sail,  sewing  seine,  and 
wrapping  twines,  carpets,  horse  blankets,  sail  cloth  and  var- 
ious kinds  of  rope.  In  1889  manufactured  200  tons  of  small 
twine.  Supply  market  with  its  specialties  for  all  states  and 
territories  along  the  coast. 

Total  amount  of  production  for  the  year  ending  ^uly  5, 


.     J 


iO^ 


33. 
a  suooess  from  the  first. 
3.  Iron  Industry. 

a)  Iron  production. 

California,  Oregon  and  Washington  contain  deposits  of 
iron  of  sufficient  qu^sntity  to  make  its  mining  and  prepara- 
tion for  use  a  very  important  branch  of  tho  iron  business  of 
this  Coast. 

Washington  is  perhaps  the  leading  state  of  the  Pacific 

Slope  in  this  respect.  Already  is  Seattle,  witli  her  nine  ac- 

2 
tive  foundries  called  the  Pittsburg  of  the  West. 

As  in  the  woolen  and  other  industries,  so  in  tho  smelt- 
ing of  iron  * re  does  Utah  receive  the  credit  of  having  taken 
the  first  step.  High  cost  of  transportation,  tho  small  value 
of  iron  in  proportion  to  its  weight,  and  the  straitened  cir- 
cumstances of  the  Mormons  led  them  to  attempt  to  obtain  at 
home  tho  needed  supply.  Numerous  furnaces  were  oi'eoted,  but 
generally  without  satisfactory  results.  But  v/hen  the  Union 
Pacific  railroad  reached  them  in  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty 


188y  was  sf23C,e5-5.18.  Raw  material  in  cotton  cost  $1^:5,701 .47-. 
Jute,  $2i;,G75.05.  Coal  and  oil,  i;16,891.51.  VTages,  471^004.02. 

The  production  in  188C  was  iil26,i>0a.25 .  Comparing  with 
1889  we  see  an  inor<iaso  of  more  than  double  in  three  years. 
Tobin,  Labor  Keport.   Internal  Commoroe  Report,  1890.  3U3-304 

*  Transactions  of  Gal.  St.  Agri .,  Soo . ,  I'-^'oV  ^   p  183. 
^   Internal  Commerce  Report,  18ii0.  1033. 


34. 


nine  efforts  in  this  line  of  work  almost  entirely  ©eased.  They 
oould  now  obtain  the  desired  amount  at  reasoncAble  r&tes  and  at 
the  same  time  had  e.n  outlet  for  their  agrioultural  produce. 

The  next  state  to  take  up  this  phase  of  the  iron  busi- 
ness was  Oregon.  In  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty  five  tiio  Oregon 
Iron  Company  at  Oswego  had  an  establishment  on  the  ^Ullamette 
river  near  that  point.  The  first  shipment  of  the  product  of 
this  oompany*3  work  oonsisted  of  fifty  tons  of  Iron  which  was 
carried  to  San  Francisco  in  eighteen  hundred  ana  sixty  seven. 

'57a3hint5ton  soon  after  took  up  this  kind  of  work  near 
Port  Townsend  and  has  been  in  operation  since  Fobriiaryi  eight- 
een  hundred  and  eiglity  one  under  the  name  of  the  Puget  Sound 
Iron  Company . 

The  manufacture  of  pic  iron  in  California  t^^kes  its  be- 
Qinnitie,  in   the  early  eighties.  Although  the  deposits  have  been 
known  for  many  years >  still  the  delay  in  opening  and  working 
of  them  has  been  a  m&ttor  of  dollars  and  cents.  As  long  as 
the  consumer  of  pig  iron  could  obtain  it  cheaper  from  abroad 
than  It  could  be  produced  at  home  he  did  it.  But  in  spite  of 


1 

Tlittell,    ~*ao.   Coast  Industries,   p   310. 

Banoroft,   Hist,   of   Oregon,   II ,   733-735; 
Rittell,    Pao.   Co^ist    Ind .    311;    Int.    Con.    401. 

^'  ^ittell,   Pao.   Coast   Ind.   311;    Int.    Com.,   401. 


iiiU  n 


in 


iZV 


35. 

thie  situation  the  California  and  Steel  Company,  was  inoorpo- 
rfctecl  in  eigl.tean  hundred  and  eighty  one.  For  a  few  years  it 
worked  the  iron  ore  into  iron,  but  the  deoline  of  mining  wee 
a  pi.rtiti.1  ot.use  of  its  cessation.  The  qviestion  vHiy  the  deoline 
of  iron  production  in  Cc/lifornia?  suggests  itnolf .  Althouch 
Iron  ore  exists  in  many  of  the  counties  of  the  State |  and 
sometimes  in  ox  tensive  deposits,  yut  the  i*bi;enoe  of  a  suitable 
ooal  for  bli«st  furni-oo  work  prevents  its  being  utilized.  In 
eighteen  hundred  and  ninety  four  only  a  small  qviantity  was 

shipped  to  San  Franoisoo,  and  so  far  no  rcsoord  is  made  of  any 

2 
worked  in  the  last  year. 

b)  Iron  Manufacture. 
The  principal  prooesses  ia  use  ape  the  casting  and  roll- 
ing of  iron;  the  const jn.iot ion  of  stamp  mills,  hoisting  works 


Capital,  y2, 675,000'  in  26,750  shares.  Subscribed  and 
paid  up  capital,  ^1,001,000.  Destroyed  by  fire,  but  inrncdiate- 
ly  rebuilt.  It  did  not  prove  a  great  auocess.  It  prociuced  in 
1832,  iOOO  tons-  of  iron;  1003,  5000  tons;  1684,  2,200  -tons; 
1G35,  1760  tons.  For  the  twenty-five  years,  ending  Deo.  31, 
1880  the  inports  of  pig  iron  at  San  Francisco  amounted  to 
348,112  tons.  Of  this,  20,U71  tons  were  from  Furope,  2165  tons 
from  the  Atlantic  States.  See  Hit tell,  Pao .  Coast  Ind.,  pp. 310- 
314;  Bancroft,  Hist,  of  Gal.,  VII,  U4;  Int.  Com.,  401-402. 

^  San  Francisco  Call,  Deo.  25,  1805,  p  28.  Production  of 
iron  ore  in  1394  \as  200  tons,  valued  at  ^.1, 500, 000;  in  *03, 
12,000,000. 


>38aQ0 


5G. 

and  pur^ps  for  mines,  of  steam  engines  and  boilers  for  nines, 
faotories,  and  steamships;  of  locomotives  for  r^iilrorids;  of 
castings  for  houses,  fagrioultiiral  and  other  machinery,  and 
kitchen  furniture;  the  making  of  wire,  wire  rope,  wire  cloth, 
other  wjre  wares,  saws,  edged  tools  and  cutlery. 

Notwithstanding  the  higli  price  of  labor,  d  arnoss  of 
ooal  and  the  fact  that  until  recently  most  of  the  naterial 
vised  in  the-  ^lonuf r.oture  of  iron  iuj   been  imported,  the  growth 
of  this  branch  of  industry'  hiis  been  remarkable.  Including  all 
its  departmifnts  th     .;s  value  for  ei(j;liteen  hundred  and 
QxiZ^ty   one  wi  s  near  twenty  million  dollars  as  against  about 
six  millions  jr\   eighteen  hundred  c.nd  ticventy  one.   As  no  fig- 
ures  for  the  Coast  for*  a  later  period  have  been  obtained,  a 
statement  relative  to  an  estimate  in  San  Francisco  will  suf- 
flOQ.  In  Aehteen  hundred  and  ninety  four  manufacture  amounted 
to  about  five  million  dollars  . 

It  may  be  said  that  the  iron  working  trade  has  long  boon 
an  important  and  prominent  industry  of  Si^n  Francisco.  There 
are  several  reasons  for  it,  and  probably  chief  among  them  is 
the  fact  thet  San  Francisco's  isolation  from  the  great  manu- 
facturing centres  of  the  country  for  so  mctny  years  threw  the 


^   Hittell,  Pao.  Coast  lad.,  pp  652-C54 


i  ' 


37. 

people  l^.rgely  upan  their  ovrn  resources.  This  same  cause  may 
bo  asaiened  as  the  motive  which  occasioned  the  establishment 
of  many  of  the  extensive  mach<inioal  lines  of  industry  in  San 
Francisco  as  well  as  of  the  Goest  at  the  present  time. 

The  growth,  horover,  of  the  iron  interest  on  the  Oo&st 
has  depended  and  must  still,  to  soma  extent,  depend  upon  tho 
demand  for  mining  machinery.  It  was  not  until  the  inventive 
genius  of  the  American  devised  the  (jreat  mills  for  the  mines 
that  the  first  important  and  decisive  step  in  advance  In  the 
foundry  business  was  taken.  And  when  the  skilled  workmen  had 
betn  introduced  into  the  Coast  foundries  some  of  the  finest 
and  best  machinery  of  tho  .forld,  and  In  mining  machinery  she 
takes  the  lead,  has  been  turned  out.  Trom  her-  shops. 

The  only  derr.and  of  any  consequence  in  the  early  period 
of  iron  manufacture  v^^^s  for  mining  machinery.  But  the  foundry 
owners  saw  that  they  needed  a  wider  market  for  development, 
hanoe  their  efforts  to  extend  their  operations.  As  a  result 
they  can  and  do  now  sx^pply  most  of  the  Coast's  needs  in  tliis 
regard. 

Another  important  point  is,  that  tiie  enormous  lem&nd  for 
machinery  and  tho  hi£;h  price  it  commanded  induced  eastern 


^   San  Francisco  Chronicle,  Dec.  29,  1895,  p  24 


Ci  p. 


'in-\ 


lo 


01    ^J'iO'V 


tn^il' 


sonk 


3G. 

manuf aoturers  to  make  and  tship  to  this  coast  artiolos  whioh 
thoy  suppoiied  to  ho   suitable  for  the  purpose,  but  when  the 
test  \ra8  applied  they  proved  to  be  useless.  The  loofil  establish- 
ments were,  therefore,  called  upon  to  supply  the  demand,  thus 
giving  the  r.onopoly. 

The  Donahue  foundry ,  ntrftr  known  as  the  Union  Iron  VforV.s, 
established  in  eighteen  hundred  and  forty  nine,  'vas  the  first 
enterprise  of  the  kind  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  in  the  next  year 
the  Vuloc^n  foundry,  the  Sutter  Iron  Works,  and  the  Pacific 
foundry  began  work.  The  mining  operations  during  the  two  or 
three  years  succeeding  ei  hteen  hundred  and  fifty  c^-used  the 
erection  of  small  foundries  «'.nd  machine  sljops  in  many  mining 
towns . 

The  leading  foundries  of  the  Pacific  Coast  compare  favor- 
ably with  those  in  the  East.   The  Union  Iron  Works  stand  at  the 
head  of  the  Iron  industry  of  the  Pacific  Slope,   and  has  a 


^  Hittell,  Pao.  Coast  Ind.,  653-651. 

2 

San  Francisco  Journal  of  Commerce,  Oct,  31,  1895. 

From  a  small  beginning:  in  c.  blacks:-! tl.  slsop  in  164i>  the  Union 
Iron  Works  have  grown  to  their  present  dimensions.  In  1365  the 
name  of  tho  firm  changed  from  Donahue  to  Prcsoott,  Scott  and 
Company.  In  lo35  business  demanded  larger  quartars  and  the  es- 

tablishmentwas  moved  to  i^etrero,  or  what  is  also  sometimes 
called  South  San  Francisco.  Thoy  f^re  oom'0.oto  in  their  appoint- 
ment; and  are  said  to  be  as  well,  if  not  better,  equipped,  as 


f .  ■  + 


.to 


noli 


lo 


38. 

history  which  shows  enl^erpr^.^^  ^^nd  sound  business  judgment  on 

the  part  of  its  managers. 

4.  The  Me*nuf cloture  of  Beet  Sueur. 

One  of  the  most  ir.portant  industries  today  id  the  produotio 
of  sugar  beets  and  the  m&nufaoture  of  sugar  therefron.  VHie raver 
the  proper  conditions  exist  this  is  apt  tp  be  Jntroduoed.  But 
howover  that  may  bci  it  is  a  fact  that  the  raising  of  the  sugar 
beet  ixnd  the  extraction  of  sugar  is  beconing  i%  very  ir.portint 
fiotor  in  California's  agricultural  prosperity;  no  less  can  bo 
isaid  with  reference  to  her  msnuf aoturing  ph^^se  of  this  industry 


any  iron  worics  in  the  United  States.  These  mills  manufc.oture 
miningi  milling  and  metallurgical  machinery.  The  principal 
mills  of  tho  VJTcst  are  b\-.ilt  huro.  They  have  also  done  consider- 
able for  the  United  States  government.  They  built  the  Charles- 
ton, ori'iser;  San  Francisco,  cruiser;  Monterey,  coast  defense 
Vdssel;  Olympia,  cruiser;  and  the  Oregon,  line  of  battle  ship, 
which  is  now  in  the  course  of  oonstn^otion. 

Tliey  have  at  present  .-.bout  1500  men  **t  work;  when  run- 
ning at  full  capacity  they  or.iploy  2500.  Int.  Con.,  400-401; 
San  Francisco  Journal  of  Commerce,  Oct,  31,  1395,  p  5;  Manu- 
fao.  and  Producers 'Monthly .  Kov.,  181)5,  pp  lC-17. 

Another  largo  concern  is  the  Pacific  Rolling  Mills,  es- 
tablished in  San  Francisco  in  13C5  with  a  ca.^ita]  of  ^I-^00-,*^00 
In  1G90  their  capital  stocl:  was  doubled  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
larging the  mills.  This  laill  likewise  shows  enterprise  dn  mana- 
gement. I'ade  the  first  steel  rails  used  on  S.F.  streets.  Many 
other  mills  might  be  montic^ned,  sone  of  Hiarger  operation  but  of 
a  Gpccial  corporation,  as  Central  Pacific  R.n. shops  at  Sacra- 
mento . 

^   San  Francesco  C:all,  fs^:^TM   12,  13<;(3. 


00 


to 


40. 

This  is  an  ©xoollent  illiistr^.tion  of  inutual  relations  between 

agrloultural  and  F.^nuf acturing  interests.  ITie  existence  of  one 

mesun^ ;  the  development  of  the   other.  Take  away  one  and  both  are 

destroyed. 

Before  ticking  up  this  industry  on  the  Paoifio  Slope  it 

will  add  to  our  interest  if  we  give  attention  to  a  few  oompare- 

tive  statoments.  The  Report  of  the  United  States  Treasury  Dep- 

arrnont  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  Jiine  thirty,   eighteen  hund* 

red  cmd  eif^hty  nine  gives  the  duticible  sugar  imy^ort  of  this 

country  to  be  more  than  two  and  one  half  billion  pounds,  which 

was  valued  at  m.^re  than  suventy  eii^iit  and  a  half  million  dol- 

Ir-rs.  Adding  to  these  sums  tvo  million  more  pounds  wiiioh  fire 

duty  free,  and  which  are  valued  at  more  tiian  ten  million  dol- 

we 
lars^get  a  grand  total  of  nearly  thre^j  billion  pounds  which 

hid  a  value  of  about  ninety  million  dollars  . 

The  amount  of  home  production  '^aa  two  hundred  and  fifty 

four  thousand  five  hundred  r.nd  ei^ht  tons.  Of  this  amount  the 

southern  states  furnished  two  hundred  and  twenty  four  thousand 

five  hundred  <  nd  ei,^ht  tons.  The  romainin^  thir  ty  thousand  was 

composed  of  sugar  mndt=  from  beets,  sorghum,  and  maple,  grown 


^   2,700,547,<5G7  lbs.  dutiable  sugar. 
;73,5'J6,779.06  value    " 


228,540,513  lbs.  fi'oe  from  duty. 
|10,2C0,04.'3  value  of  free  of  duty  sugar. 
;ip93, 079,325  value  of  whole  import.  Tobin,  Labor  Report, 

p  46 . 


41. 

in  the  western  states. 

The  part  that  tho  Pfcoifio  Co&st  had  in  this  production 
was  played  by  her  two  sugar  refineries,  Tliey  supplied  tho  whole 
Coast  witl)  their  output    -'  ht\d   oonsiderfc^ble  export  tri.de. 

Pass  now  to  the  consideration  of  the  beet  sugar  question. 
Richard  Gird  says  that  "wo  are  filled  wit   <.  ic^zement  when  wo 
oonsider"  that  at  the  beginning  the  criginial  plant  was  gro^yn 
only  for  food  and  carried  not  moro  than  five  or  six  per  oent  of 

sugar,  out  by  careful  selection  and  cultivation  for  a  period  of 

years, 
less  than  one  hundredj^  tho  au^'  r  content  has  increased  to  four- 
teen and  fifteen  per  oent,  or  more  than  double;  that  the  chemist 
and  mcohanioal  engineer  he  ve  during  the  saino  time  discovered 
methods  and  plans  whereby  tho  viaoid,  sticky,  bad  tasting  and 
bad  smelling  juices  are  extracted  froni  the  root,  and  by  one 
continuous  process,  partly  ohemioal  and  partly  neohanical,  can 
within  twenty  four  hours,  and  without  touching  the  beets  with 
the  hand,  change  them  into  the  puront  and  whitest  of  sugar; 
that  at  the  rate  of  ci^^t  hundred  to  one  tliousand  tons  per  day, 


The  value  of  their  total  product  in  1  60  was  ^3, COO, 
000;  In  1870,  $4,000,000;  in  ii>00,  ^7,000,000;  in  1S94,  $18,000,' 
000.  From  this  wq  get  a  gi.in  of  loo;:  between  loo0-1870;  75;^  be- 
tween 1370-1330;  300;;^  between  lOGO-1330;  ISO/'^  between  1330-1304. 
This  due  to  the  development  of  the  Hawaiian  plantations.  Hit- 
tell,  Pao.  Coast  Ind.,  346-347;  San  Francisco  Chronicle,  Dec. 30, 
1394 . 


dl 


42, 


the  beets  are  r.anuf ftcturcd  into  one  hundred  tons  or  nora  of 
sugt^r;  i*nd  that  by  the  Joint  efforts  of  the  tiller  of  the  soil, 
the  chemist  in  his  laboratory,  the  meohcinio  in  his  shop,  this 
npt-lon^;- since  plebian  root  has  become  the  source  from  vrhioh 
three  fifths  of  the  world's  supply  of  sug?r  is  produced. 

Fron  another  writer  ^c  Qet   a  few  more  facts  regarding 
the  history  of  this  root.  He  Scys  thtt  "it  is  difrioult  to  trace 
the  c»xao^  origin  of  thl(5^  plant,  ^hich  has  become  of  so  much  in- 
terest and  value  in  Iilurope,  imd  a 3  not  of  national,  but  i0.so   of 
continental  iF.i^ortc.noe  to  • '   ^'Oople  of  tho  othjr  side  c^  ^J*f , 
Atlantic.*  Its  antiquity  finds  evidence  in  tjje  fact  that  Theo- 
phrastus*'  describes  two  varieties;  tlie  deep  rod  fncl  the  white 
beet.  Olivett  de  Sorres  mentions  in  fifteen  hundred  and  ninety 
nine  only  tie  red  beet  and  says  t.hct  it  i<d  Ion:,  boen  introduc- 
ed into  Europe  and  that  "the  juice  yielded  on  boiling,  is  simi- 
lar to  sugar  sirup."  This  variety  was  introduced  into  England 
in  fifteen  1-undred  and  forty  eight.  The   white  variety  was  un- 
known until  fifteen  hi^ndred  and  seventy. 

The  induii trial  valric  of  tht>  boet  does  not  seem  to  pres- 
ent itself  until  seventeen  hundred  and  forty  seven.  At  that 


San  Franoiaco  Call,  Dec.  25,  1805. 
~  A  Grcel:  scholar.  Lived  about  372  B.C. 


'O/I 


'  ■  ■:i 


43. 

time  Margraff ,  a  momber  of  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Soienoes,  and 
believing  that  sugar  was  c.  reguli-r  oonstituant  of  plants  other 
than  sugar  cane,  nade  an  examinrtion  of  different  varieties  of 
vegetables  and  succeeded  in  sepi. rating  from  several  kinds,  varj^- 
ing  quantities  of  ori'stallized  su^ar.  He  annoinood  the  results 
in  a  paper  before  the  academy.  Me  pronounced  the  beet  the  rich- 
est in  suc^-f  ^nd  believed  that  Europe  would  find  it  the  bi*sis 
of  a  groat  industry,  and  urged  the  Aoadcmy  to  consider  the  im- 
portance of  the  discovery  and  ^ped  to  see  steps  taj-en  leading 
to  practical,  results.  But  death  came  too  soon.  However,  Karl 
Franz  Aohard,  his  deoiple,  ^fas  the  first  to  extract  sugar  from 
the  beet  on  a  li.rge  scale.  But  the  announcement  of  his  results 
fell  on  cold  ears  and  nothing  was  done  in  a  practical  vay  for 
lon^;  tiBie  tc  come. 

Interesting  as  is  the  history  of  this  root,  we  must  leav 
it  here  in  order  to  r^ivo  attention  to  3  >ma  facts  of  its  manu- 
facture in  France,  uermany,  Austria  Hungary  and  tlie  United 
States. 

Under  pressure  of  national  emergency  Napoleon  III  re- 
solved to  make  Fri^noe  independent  of  sugar  yu.-^^^ly  from  foreign 
countries.  This  opened  the  ^^ay  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar 
from  beets  in  ....  .   itry.  His  measures  of  encouragem.cnt  were 


IT, 


44. 


to  exempt  from  taxation  for  four  years  the  prodviot  of  every 
man  who  made  a  ton  of  :>ugar  in  Franco;  also  proraised  an  exten- 
sion of  license  to  those  who  disoovered  improved  methods.  Ho 
further,  established  four  imperial  sugar  factories  with  a  cap- 
acity to  produce  two  hundred  tons  per  annum.  In  eighteen  hund- 
red and  thirty  seven,  forty  nine  thousand  tons  were  produced, 
end  in  eigliteen  hundred  and  eighty  nine  the  a?;iount  put  out  was 
ijoven  hundred  thousand  tons.  The  ten  year  periods  from  the  be- 
ginning show  amounts  varying  between  the  two  above  given. 

The  total  value  of  the  beet  sugar  product  in  France  for 
eacji  of  the  tliree  years  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy  three, 
seventy  four,  and  seventy  five  was  over  fifty  four  million  dol- 
lars. This  reciiiired  more  than  sixty  thousand  persons  exclusive 
of  those  employed  in  the  field. 

In  Germany  a  liberal  policy  was  likewise  pursued.  And  thC' 
latest  figures  consulted  showed  Germany's  production  in  eighty 
nine  to  be  one  million  two  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  tons  of 
beet  sugar. 


1 

Tobin,  Labor  Report,  p  47.  The  following  table  shows 

the  arr.ounts  produced   in  France  from  1637   to  1687   and  1689   in 

ten  year  periods. 

In  1637.       41^,000    tons  In  1677  243,000   tons 

"    1647        C4,000        "  "    1887  465,000 

"    1057      151,000         "  "    186U  700,000        * 
"    16C7      224,7000      " 


vj--.      :    M^-   »    I, 


l\ 


unoj   hai^Hrc  ,s  ■  ^^ 


mils 


03    Tc 


45. 


Austria  also  he*d  a  liberal  polioy  in  this  matter  and 
produoed  in  eighteen  hundi'wd  «nd  oi(;iity  nine  seven  ivindred  nn^ 
thirty  thousnnd  tons. 

Russia  in  the   same  year  produoed  four  hundred  and  eighty 
thousand  tons.  Eslijium  one  hundred  and  ninety  five  thousand 
tons. 

In  the  United  States  there  .^'as  in  eighteen  Imndred  and 
eighty  Gcvon,  a  produotion  oT  two  hundred  tons  of  i>-t',ar  from 
beets;  in  eighty  eight,  ei^^hteen  hundred  tons;  in  eighty  nine 

about  thro'  ti,ou3and;  in  liinoty,  about  twelve  th.H'.sand  tons;*" 

.  .  '  3 

in  ninvty  two  more  than  thirteen  tliousand  tons. 


^  The  fo'llo'^ing  table  shows  produotion  of  Germany,  Aus- 
tria and  Russia. 

In  1877  Gorniany  <roduoed  ^,.-^,000  tons 

"   1887    •    *   "  &a5,000   ' 

"   1877  Austria    *  341,000   " 

•*   1887    "       "  460,000   " 

**   1377  Russia     **  250,000   * 

"   1B87    "       "  '315,000   " 


Tobin,  Labor  Report,  p  47. 
European  produotion  for  the  years, 
1887   2,451,i>00  tens 
1388   2,704,457   ** 
188U    3,445,000   " 

Tobin,  Labor  i^viport,  p  48. 

*"  Tobin,  Labor  Report,  p  46. 

*^  Report  of  Sec.  of  A^ri .  of  U.S.  1302,  p  4G8. 


46. 

California  produooa  more  beet  sugar  than  any  other  state 
in  the  Union.  The  manufacture  of  this  kind  of  sugar  oomnonoed 
twenty  five  years  ago  vhon  a  faotorj^  was  established  at  Alva- 
rado  with  a  o&paoity  of  three  hundred  tons  daily.  Subsequently 
other  faotorios  were  founded,  but  have  not  maintained  them- 
selves any  length  of  time.  There  are  two  exceptions.  Sinoe 
eighteen  hundred  and  eighty  r>evon  a  new  ctart  seems  to  have  been 
taken.  Then  the  Paoifio  Coast  Sugar  Company  was  organized;  soon 
after.fard  the  Western  Beet  Sugar  Company.  There  are  now  throe 
large  beet  sugar  refineries  in  the  ;?tate;  <:  t  Alvarado,  Watson- 
ville  and  Chlno,  all  are  in  full  operation  and  turn  out  largo 
quantities  of  sugar  each  year."*- 


Here  is  a  table  which  shows  oomparatively  the  produce 
of  each  of  the  California  fact:)rio3;  that  of  the  Nebraska  fao- 
torios and  of  Utah  as  w^ll. 

Utah  Sugar  Co.  (Deo.lC,  16i;2)  1,473,500  lbs. 

Alameda  I Cal)  Sugar  Go.  (Deo.  8,  16^2)  2,606,860   " 

Western  Beet  Sugar  Co.  (Ja.n.JV,  iai'3)  11,3£0,1,'21   * 

Chino  Valley  Beet  Sugar  Co.-  (Oct ,£8, 92)  7,ii03,541   " 

Oxnard  (Keb.)  Beet  Si^gar  Co.  (Kov  .li;,'j2)  2,110,110   " 

Norfciic         "        *•   (Kov.<J,  12)  1^008^400   " 

Total 27,0o3,322 

Production  in 

Uta               18£1  IM2 

Utah                l,004,i;00  lbs.  1,473,500  Ibu. 

Cal'.                8,175,430   "  21,801,32-   " 

Neb.  2,7?4^0Q  ;         3,3Q;^.,aP0  .  l^^ 

Total     l2,004,S3a   '  27,063,322    • 

Report  of  Soo.  of  Agri .  o^'  U.S.  1G92,  pp. 467-466. 
The  Beat  sugar  factory  at  Alvarado  was  brought  into  ex- 
istence in  1370.  In  1387  it  was  partially  destroyed  by  the  ex- 
plosion of  a  boiler;  but  a  n^'r  oonpany  (The  Pacific  Coast  Sugar 


*  ') 


47. 

A  large  portion  of  California  is  espeoially  fedaptod  to 
Die  oultivation  of  the  sugar  beat.  This  fact  aocounts  for  the 
enormous  growth  in  th©  production  of  beet  sugar  from  one  mill- 
ion two  hundred  thousand  pounds  in  oightoen  hundred  «r*nd  eighty 
three  to  the  estjm&ted  pr^^duoe  for  ninety  five  and  ninety  six 


Company)  was  organized  imrnc  iiately  with  a  oapital  of  ^1,000,000 
in  lo,ooa  sharos. 

Claus  Sproci^les  built  the  Wotsonville  factory  shortly 
after  his  rotum  from  Kurope  in  1007.  This  is  the  largest  in  ' 
tlie  state  and  befean  ^^ith  a   capacity  of  350  tons  of  beets  a  day. 
This  has  been  doubled  so  no".»  700  tons  a  day  in  its  capacity  :-nd 
its  influonoo  on  surrounding  community  is  very  ma'rked. 

The  factory  at  Chino  was  organized  in  lOt'O.  Buildings 
cost  ,^200,000,  maohinsry  4-00,000,  Consumed  beets  from  2250 
t^ores-  the  first  year,  4000  acres  the  second,  and  5000  acres  the 
third.  It  has  a  capacity  of  350  tons  of  beets  a  day.  The  output 
of  this  factory  for  the  last  five  years  is  as  follows: 
1891    3,300,000  lbs.  1694   9,471,672  lbs. 

1392  7,747,385   "  1G95   22,000,000   *  of  sugar. 

1393  15,003,357   " 

The  estimated  product  of   the  beet   sugar  factories  from  1883  to 
iati9    is   sho'^n   in   thcsj   fitjurys.    1633,    1,200,000   lbs;    iac34, 
2,134,273;    1866,    1,343,148;    13o^,    1,686,258;    11^37,    572,40C-  due 
to  exploiilon  at   Alvarado;    103o,   4,230,000;    1369,   5,170,000.      • 
Int.   Com.    329;    328,   409-410.    San  Francisco  Gall,    Deo. 25,    1395. 
p   38,  Watts,   Xjabcr  Report,   pp  21-22.     ' 
Tobin,   Labor  Report   46-59,    (1869-1690). 


43. 

oanpfti^n  vrhich  is  forty  million  pounds, 
5.  Manufaoture  of  yioiir, 

Proi^inent  among  tho  industries  of  the  Pacific  oo&st 
stands  nfhoat  culture.  It  v,'as  the  product  of  tho  vast  wheat 
fields  of  the  Sacrcimento  c-nd  Gan  Joaquin  vc-^lleys  that  first 
save  notice  to  tho  world  of  tho  imrnynse  agricultural  possibili- 
ti.)S  of  tl.is  wiistem  coa;>t.  But  frr»r.  the.  ti*n^  vrhen  the  first 
pioneers  left  the  rocker,  tho  sluice  box  and  the  pan,  for  the 
lev,  tho  })r.rrow  and  the  r^';  --  ,lown  to  thu  pre:ient  r.oment,  the 
reduction  of  wheat  has  boon   one  of  the  most  prominent  and  fav 
Qv-  7   iirsults  of  the  Gal  if  omit.  a>jTioulti;rist  .*" 

Keeping  this  fact  in  mind  then,  'o   fovr  historical  para- 
,t:rap:-!s  vfil"!  be  of  intoroLJt.  nndo^ibtedly  the  cultivation  of 

beat  has  the  honor  of  being  the  oldest  a^jricultural  industry 
on  the  Goa^t.  It  nay  bj  assuned  that  this  oviltjvation  is  a  lit- 
tle more  than  a  hr  ndrod  years  old.  It  dates  back  to  that  pio- 
neer wheat  field  planted  on  the  shores  of  the  San  Diego  Bay  by 
the  hardy  hond  of  the  explorers,  who  first  set  up  there  the 
cross  of  the  church  and  the  Spanish  standard.  It  was  the  policy 
of  these  Franciscan  fathers  to  make  the  Missions  S3lf-support- 


San  Francisco  Chronicle,  Dec.  30,  10^^/5 
Int.  Com.  p  535. 


41/. 

1 
in£.  Tlonoe  we  find  that  in  ovury  mission  from  San  Diego  up, 

wheat  wt;i>  sown  cu>  .<  food  iivij-ply,  Kore  '.ve  soo  th^^  oxtension  of 
the  industry  alonis  the  sane  lines  as  the  oxtension  of  civili- 
zcition  through  tho  influence  of  thti  foi-ndors  of  tho  nissions.*" 

Fron  the  first  Calif ornian  vfhoat  f iold  situatod  on  tho 
sunny  shcr^.i  of  tho  southern  Iiarbor  down  through  the  years  to 
the  present  tine  have  oonc  reports  of  x'er.arkablo  harvests  gar- 
nered.   '  ...  'Oriod  bet'joei.  ^^..^..tjcn  hundred  and  eleven,  and 
eifjihteen  iiundred  and  txonty  the  average  yield  of  wheat  >    .ixt^ 
seven  thousand  three  hundred  « nd  eighty  bushels  for  the  miss- 
ions i.lone.  But  Just  previous  to  this  the  export  trade  sprang 
into  existence.  And  '^fhi^n   Hoxico  beocj^.e  independent  of  Spc.jn  tho 
production  of  v/heat  declined.  At  tho  same  time  the  export  trr.de 
waa  confined  to  the  Hudson  Bc,y  Co!npany's  posts,  to  the  Russian 
possessions  and  tc  Honolulu .  During  this  time  Oregon  was  talcing 
her  first  stops  to'tard  wheat  production.  In  eighteen  hundred 
and  fifty  four  California  produced  t^^o  million  bushels  of 
wheat'and  four  years  later  she  entered  the  list  as  a  large  ex- 
porter of  breadstuff s.  Bet-/aen  the  years  eigliteen  hr^ndred  and 
sixty  and  eigliteen  hv^ndrad  i«n-i  seventy  the  production  of  wheat 


■1 

Manufacturers*  and  Producers'  Monthly,  Nov.  18C5,  p  5. 

2 

San  Francisco   Clirnnicle,   Dec.   30,   1G04. 


50 


bog^n  to  move  to  the  interior  valleys  where  it  was  found  that 
the  wheat  was  brighter,  drier  and  was  less  oxpocod  to  injury 
during;  transportation.  Thu  next  ten  years  was  a  prosperous  per- 
iod and  with  the  extension  of  railroads  went  the  increase  in 
wheat  fiorea{;e.  But  during  the  ten  follo'^ing  years  not  only  was 
the  maximum,  but  also  the  ninimum  y4eTd  reached.  This  was  due, 
says  Horaoe  Davis  to  heavy  rainfall  in  the  one  oaso  and  light 
rainfall  in  the  other. 

The  first  attempt  c«t  flour  making  was  in  seventeen  hund- 
red and  eighty  two  <.t  the  Missions.  Tiiere  were  no  flour  mills 
but  wheat  was  ground  in  the  most  primitive  faslUon.  In  seven- 
teen hurtdred  und   eighty  six  Lc  Perouse  gave  the  Camel  Mission 


to  IBvO . 

laea 

136C 
1B70 
1871 
1B72 
1373 
1874 
1375 
1B76 
1377 
187B 
187C 
1880 
1331 
1882 
18B3 
1B64 


The  following  t<  Lie  given  yield 


and  acreage  from.  1308 


ll 

^050, 

,000 

1 

0''  \^ 

,i;oi 

746, 

»052 

1 

,523, 

,3C3 

o 

-^1 

,198, 

,360 

o 

►  51-2, 

,3'Ji^ 

2, 

,150, 

,000 

o 

,163, 

,636 

n 

,307, 

,6y2 

ft 

,:^15, 

,780 

2 

^470, 

,000 

2 

,500, 

,00r. 

o 

,117, 

,:"so 

n 

,3G7, 

,200 

o 

.767 

,000 

r\ 

,794 

,000 

3 

,360, 

,0r»0 

bpsht 

)V^ 

21,000, 

,000 

20,000, 

,000 

14,175, 

,000 

10,757, 

,000 

25,600, 

,000 

21,504, 

,000 

28,380, 

,000 

23,300, 

>000 

30,^^00, 

,o^.n 

22,000, 

,n,:o 

41,i;90, 

,000 

35,000, 

,000 

33,377, 

,000 

31,406, 

,000 

36,046, 

,000 

36,322, 

,000 

44,320, 

,000 

:j 


51. 
a  handmill,   wliioh  r^erformed  the  vrnrl'   of  four  women  in  the  old 
way.    In  seventeen  hundred  and  ninotj^   «ix  &  flour  mill  was  erect- 
ed «t   Sant£i  Cruz   which  was  followed  by   two   or   throe  nore   later 
on.   Those  nills  were   run  by  water  power  and  operated  c.   single 
pair  of   stones.   By  eichteon  hundred  ind  forty   eight  the  picnoor 
st&te    (Oregon)    in   the  manufuoture  cf  flour  had  nine  mills  which 
wore  noVe   in  accordance  ^ith   our   Idea  of   a  flouring,  mill.   One 
of  tiie  e<4rlioGt  e sterol iGl^irx-nts  in  California  v/os   the  Golden 
Oiite  Mill,      biiilt    in  eif^htoon  hundred  and  fifty   two.    The   If^rg- 
est  mill"   in  the   state   is  at  Vallejo.   There   are,   however,   about 


18G5  2,^22,400  20,592,000 

1336  3,104,040  36,105,000 

1387  2, VCr, 235  :'.0,42G,000 

1038  2,351,300  28,451,000 

ICCO  3,291,820  43,781,000 

1890  2,420,730  29,121,000 
Int.    Con:.,    p   304. 

This  mill  w-as  est&blibi  •^».i.   by   Couro   and  Co.  It  had  a 
oap&oity  of   300  bbls.   a  day.    In  loCO   it  passed  into  the  poss- 
ession of  Horace  Davis,   who   still  owns   it.    The  mill  no\f  has   a 
oapacity   of   1000   bbls.    a  day.        Int.   Cor:,   p  403. 

2 

SDiis  mill  started  with  a  oc-paoity  of  150  bbls.  a  day. 

in  1864  inoreaacd  to  650.  In  1874  anadditional  mill  was  built, 
with  800  bbl.  capacity.  In  138^  the  mills  were  enlarged  and  in- 
troduced the  French  roller  process;  these  two  mills  oonbined 
have  a  capacity  of  2200  bbls.  per  day.  Later  the  business  was 
inoorporatyd  and  now  with  a  new  mill  in  Contra  Costa  Co.  of 
more  than  4200  bbls.  a  day. 

Tlio   followinti   are    the   lanjest   ;'-il3s   in   the   State. 
\UiXr.c   qX  ;;ill  Location  P^-4].y   yapag^ty 

Starr  Mill  Port  Costa  2000   bbls. 

Starr    'A*  Valleio  1400 


52. 


fifty  first  olasa  nilla  in  California  with  a  tot?*!  capacity  of 
about  twenty  thousand  barrels  ti   d<y.  About  seven  hundred  and 
fifty  men  are  ,{^iven  omploytnent.  All  t/so  larger  r.ills  run  oon- 
tinuously . 

The  subjoined  table  shows  the  anount  of  P'Oifio  Coast 
flour  manufaoturod.  In  oit;hteen  hundred  and  fifty  five  and 
fifty  six  the  amount  was  one  hundred  and  i;overxty  thousand  bar- 
rels plus;  while  in  ei£;i;teen  hundrod  and  ninety  three  and  nine- 
ty  four  the  amount  ^.s-as  losr>  than  t'^o  r.illion  barrels.  But  thi: 
by  no  means  represents  the  highest  ever  reached  which  was  nore 
than  five  nillion  barrels  in  the  crop  year  of  eighteen  hund- 
red and  ninety  and  ninety  one.   This  was  due  to  ^reat  demands 
for  Coast  flour. 


Stockton  City  Gtookton  1201?  bbls. 

Crown  Stockton  1000   " 

Golden  Gate  San  Francisco       1000   " 

The*  other  mills  range  from  GOO  bbls  to  150  bbls.  daily  oapaoi 
Int.  Con.  p  40'J;  Walts,  Labor  Report,  p  16-17. 

1 

This  tabic  represents  receipts  of  f  1  n^r  at  Sir:   Frc,n- 

oisoo  by  orop  years. 


ty 


18G5  - 
1357  - 
1659  - 
Ibbl  - 
13C3  - 
13C5  - 
13C7  - 


5G  170, 5U1   bbls. 

ja  127,312 

uO  370,870 

62  46o,07a 

CA  31;7,lo2 

Co  607,374 

oa  824, 6U6 


1856 

laso 

1300 
loG2 

inC4 
18C6 
1863 


57 

Si) 
CI 
63 
C5 
C7 
01 


131,350   bbls. 
226,614 


491,237 
Siy'JpoOO 
24t;,6C3 
l,201,5a5 
331,i:-20 


.3. 


18C9 

- 

70 

664,453 

bblo 

lavi 

- 

72 

63G,ti?a 

0 

1873 

-  ' 

*74 

5C5,730 

tt 

1875 

- 

i\, 

473,503 

w 

1377 

- 

'78 

37^,450 

li 

107^^ 

- 

'  -vn 

2,712,U92 

M 

1881 

- 

'e2 

3,227,242 

« 

1833 

- 

'  r.4 

5,091,272 

«» 

iao5 

- 

•r>c 

4,031,154 

• 

- 

•■    'V^-' 

732,052 

If 

lar/j 

- 

'to 

l,4C3,lC-4 

N 

IBi^l 

- 

'02 

1,415,902 

It 

lac:. 

- 

'J4 

1,055,824 

n 

107^ 

-    ' 

71 

433, 

,053 

bbls 

1872 

-    ' 

73 

iil5j 

>ceo 

a 

1B74 

-    ' 

75 

44;"- 

,411; 

ti 

1::>7G 

- 

77 

515 

^014 

• 

1B7C 

-    ' 

70 

2,51/0. 

>B08 

If 

1830 

- 

81 

2,716, 

i445 

H 

18C2 

- 

6r 

4,028 

,8;0G 

If 

10^4 

- 

5,215 

»502 

It 

lar-G 

" 

'87 

4,4o:; 

,  302 

ft 

1D8.^ 

- 

'  81 

1,190 

»021 

It 

lol;0 

-    ' 

'il 

5,703 

,57B 

w 

18U2 

- 

'93 

1  ,280 

,324 

H 

So.n  Francisco  Chroniolu,  Dec. 


'•.o 


I3i;4. 


-ii 


Cluster  III. 
Factors  in  the  Pacific  Coast's  Manuff^oti^rinc  Developmont. 

It  is  intended  in  this  chapter  to  tivc^  ^n  account  of 
some  of  tho  nost  inportant  fi-otora,  that  hJ.ve  entered  into  the 
dovclov'r.ont  of  the  ni.^nia'c.vttui'ir  ^Ji  lu^iu^>\,:  ±^^   of  ihc  i-aoii'ic 
Oohat.  For  this  purpose  the  industj'iea  of  California  will  from 
ti;j..  L-*ij^iiy   beo^.uwu  information  of  c  vory  rclitible  character 
has  not  yet  cone  in  from  other  sections  of  the  Coact. 

That  the  Pacific  Coast  has  fron  l   ^oo{;;rapliic<-l  position 
groat  facilities  for  manufacturing;  is  an  obvious  fact.  It  poss- 
osser>  un   imrenr.e  water  power  that  is  not  utilized  at  all.  V7>iat 
oan  and  will  bo  done  with  this  power  is  hard  to  definitely 
determine,  other  factors,  ho.fovor,  that  have  a  closer  connec- 
tion for  our  nurposQ  are  (l)  Enterprise,  ('-)  Labor,  (3)  Fuel, 
(4)  Wages,  (G) Interest,  (6)  Inaurc^nca,  (7)  Taxes,  (  •)  The  rail- 
road, 
(l)  Enter /rise. 

It  h«4S  been  and  is  a  frequent  charge  today  that  the 
oapitalista  of  the  Pacific  Coast  are  void  of  enterprise.  That 
they  wraild  not  venture  their  capital  in  certain  kinds  of  under- 


55. 

takin(js,    lu    UUs  charge   tnu?   Probably  not.    It  \vas  this  groat 
enterprising;  spirit  that  started  and  still  keeps  up   tho  mt-nu» 
faoturos  of   thu  Coast.   Tlio  fact   that   tho  re   arf)   too   small  a  mir.^ 
bor  of  faotories,   that   there   Is  a  doclino   in  woolen  mills,   aa 
of  otii€  ufacturirig  industries  is  not  due   tc   lack  of  antor- 

priso  on   t}ie  part  of  man  with  money.  But  high  wagesi   the   inde- 
pendont   i^pirit   c.rni  c-ondition  of  rianyi J5f  the  poor  people,   ti.xos, 
high  pricse  for  fuol  t^nd  the  neooosity  of  importing  supplies  or 
manj'  l.ind6,      1)    hc^va   disorii  unc^tec  ciQ^ainst  mt-nufac taring   in- 
du&trieb  oi'   oi.r  coast, 

/..    .    iA.ltjr  of  fuct  mi.ny  Calif oriiia  faotories  have  bcon 
unprofitable;    this  is  espeolaily  true  as  to   the  earlier  ven- 
turou   i-.  V.  i'l  ^v^   ut^u-nehOij  of   industry.  Many  of  then  '.fore  pro- 
ma  ture  an!    \  *  ye<<trs  were  kapt  in  operation  not  beoause   they 
wcro    i-rora  Lc.  jIo    out  beoause    wi-d    ouildin^js    ni^  j  *c»o . ; jl ne ry  could 
not  be  used  for*  anythinfcs  else  'Without  greater  losa. 

VHi.;    V     ...^^'^  fcot:,  account  for  m;.oh  of   the   manufacturing 
ill   suooess,  yet  t.     clanoe   at  the  other  side   shows  a  different 
rosi-lt   and    spirit  fror.  that   tiuggested  by   the  ohar»gc .   The  char- 
aoteristic   feature   of   Pacific  Coast  undertakings  is  a  remark*^ 
able  boldness  in  inveiitmont.   Scarcely  a  brsmoh  of  occupation 
pursued  here   that  has  been  vrithout   some  undertaking  noted  for 


56. 


Ita  oomprehenslvenead  of  plan  and  amount  of  oapital.  The  world 

respects 

haa  nothing  in  many  to  e(|ual  the  resulta  of  Califomian  entap* 
priae. 

The  important  reaulta  achieved  in  California  should  be 
oredited  mainly  to  the  exoeptional  intelliaenoe  and  energy  of 
her  inhabitants*  It  ia  aaid  that  they  have  ransaoked  the  hab* 
itable  globe  for  the  beat  workmen,  the  moat  skilled  engineersi 
the  beat  toolai  the  strongest  and  fastest  horses,  the  oows 
that  give  the  moat  milk  and  the  most  prolific  vines  and  trees. 

(2)  Labor 

Another  important  factor  is  labor.  The  most  important  as- 
pect of  this  question  is  the  Chinaman  and  hit  services.  Without 
him  our  manufactures  on  this  Coast  would  have  been  economically 
impossible,  especially  during  their  e^^rlior  stages. 

While  this  is  true  yet  the  presence  of  the  Chinamen  has 
worked  against  Pacific  Coast  manufactures,  in  that  it  prevented 
many  from  coming  who  would  be  of  service  to  the  Coast's  in- 
dustries in  a  more  p-^sitive  way.  But  for  the  most  part  the 
Chinaman  is  more  of  a  supplement  than  a  substitute  for  white 
labor. 

(3)  Wages. 


1 

Hittell,  Pao.  Coast  Ind.,  49-53. 


a  8t  it   .a:trfs5ldAdnf  ler! 

..ru     -..^.1    *I0l    ©<f0lS    !&i 


f ".  f  rt  f  tr>  r» 


ocjmi 


b?^-'^'- 


D/ 


Another  factor  is  wages,  the  Paoifio  Coast  pays  higher 

« 

wages  in  general  than  any  other  saotion  of  the  Union.  Calif- 
ornia, however,  pays  the  highest  wages  to  the  employeasofof  the 
woolen  mahufaoture.  She  following  comparison  shows  the  wages 
of  Adult  Mfle,  Adult  Female  and  Youth  in  the  different  states 
«f  the  Union. 


Uaine 

$1.42 

|0.&6 

Kew  Hampshire 

1.61 

1.15 

Vermont 

1.31 

1.11 

isass. 

1.35 

1'.03 

Ct. 

1.46 

'•96 

H.Y'. 

1.38 

.94 

H.J.' 

1.21 

.83 

Penn. 

1'.65 

1.10 

Del, 

1.63 

1.27 

Md. 

1.47 

.93 

R.C. 

1.07 

.70 

Ky.- 

1'.69 

.79 

Ind, 

1.42 

.97 

111. 

1.65 

.80 

la.         ^^ 

1.81 

.. 

Cal. 

2.45 

»m. 

§0.71 


.59 
,69 
.54 
.61 

.50 
.70 
.61 
.50 
.43 
.60 
••62 
••52 
.67 
.75 


In  the  ootton  mills  the  wages  of  men  run  from  $1.65  to 

$3.50  a  day;  of  women,  fror.  $1.00  to  |l.80;  of  boys  and  girls, 

•       >    <  > 

from  .50  to  |l«00.  The  hours  oonstitutlng  a  day's  work  are  ten. 
That  whioh  the  ootton  industry  has  to  oontend  with  is  long 
hours  and  low  wages  in  southern  states*   In  Korth  Carolina  the 
wages  are  the  lowest.  There  formen  reoeive  from  |l.25  to  $2 
per  day;  weavers,  from  il.50  to  $2.25.  lyton  get  from  .50  to  fl 


e^dw 


J^>^^1 


£8. 

woment  from  .40  to   .60  a  day.  The  aamo  contrast  is  seen  in  i-l- 
Kost  every   industry.   In  some  oaaes  it  dood  not  work  &a  a  hind* 
r«&noe,  for  the  high  wagos  attraot  the  bast  ffiechanioa  or  work- 
iBon. 

(4)  Interest. 

The  manufaoturors  are  plaoed  at  a  decided  disadvantage 
in  their  effort  to  oompete  with  those  of  the  states  east  of  the 
Hooky  mountains .He re  in  many  industries  the  owners  have  to  oar* 
ry  large  amounts  of  stock  all  the  time,  but  isuat  sell  on  thr©# 
or  four  month's  oredit.  Raw  material  must  be  paid  for  on  de- 
livery, and  the  hands  must  bo  paid  weekly  or  monthly.  Honoe 
larger  amounta  of  money  muat  be  kept  on  hand  to  keep  the  siill 
in  operation,  and  to  do  this  money  mt-st  be  borrowed.  In  the 
East  the  manufaeturer  ean  obtain  money  from  four  to  fiver  par 
oent  interest,  payable  semi-annually;  here  ha  must  pay  from 

seven  to  eight  per  oent  interest  payable  monthly. 

Fuel : 

(5)  Fuel  is  about  three  tines  higher  here  than  in  the  East. 

There  coal  is  obtained  for  less  than  three  dollars  a  ton. 
While  on  this  coast  with  one  or  two  exoeptions,  coal  coats 
from  seven  and  one  half  to  eight  and  one  halfi  dollars* 

The  extent,  however,  of  the  development  of  the  oil 


lo    *1 


i;tAiie 


5&. 

wells  ^^  aufflolent  nov  to  have  sorae  influenoe.  PetroletMn  has 
been  found  to  be  an  »dnlrfable  svbstltiite  for  oofel  and  is  fur- 
nished at  a  muoh  less  cost,  tliis  Is  a  nevf  factor  and  only  thei" 
future  will  develop  its  importnnoe  in  mftnufaoturine  industries 
af  the  Paoifio  Coast.  Another  very  important  aspeot  of  the  fuel 
question  is  the  transmission  of  propelling  foroe  in  the  form 
of  eleotrioity.  This  is  deatine^^  to  revoluti rsnizo  the  manufao- 
turlng  industries.  Already  are  r.any  of  Sacramento's  establish- 
ments runninfl  tholr  machinery  by  power  Generated  by  the  water 

away. 

force  fourteen  milos^^  Other  placos  are  putting  in  plants  to 
utilize  their  waste  power. 
(6)  Taxes. 

Many  states  in  the  Union  exempt  manufactures  from  tax- 
ation. Those  industries  that  need  enoouraeiemBt^j   in  m^ny 
places  have  to  bear  no  tax  until  sufficiently  woll  established 
to  do I  but  California  taxes  everything  about  a  factory  that  oan 
be  taxed  at  all.  Many  instances  might  be  cited  but  one  will 
suffice 9  in  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty  nine  the  Pioneer  Wool- 
en Mills  had  to  pay  seven  thousand  dollars  in  taxes.  Does  this 
encourage  and  rovive  a  declining  industry?  Certainly  not. 


mi 


8  <--;  <^W 


rtt 


60. 


(7)  Railroads. 

Finally,  we  com©  to  the  railroad.  Before  the  ooming  of 
the  railroad  the  Paoiflo  Coast  manufaoturer  were  protected 
from  the  oowpetition  of  the  Sastem  manufacturer.  Those  things 
nade  at  home  found  a  home  aerket  so  long  as  there  was  any  de- 
mand at  all.  But  Itis  impossible  to  estimate  just  what  and  how 
much  influenoe  the  factor  has  had  in  the  coast's  nanufaeturlng 
development.  For  when  it  oamo  in  and  began  to  grow  it  opened 
up  the  great  area  lying  to  the  east  of  the  Sierras  to  the  Caii> 
fomia  and  Oregon  manufacturer.  But  at  the  same  t  >me  it  Placed 
a  cheek  upon  production  here  ainee  oonanoditiea  fron  this  quar* 

ter  net  those  from  the  east  in  the  new  area.  This  factor  con«* 

i 
stitutes  an  element  of  many  sides  and  they  all  ean  only  be  show  / 

by  the  study  of  the  development  of  the  Pacific  railroads  on  the 

Coast. 


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ii, 

BIBLIdGRAPTfY, 

Allan y  A. a.  Water  Powers  of  Vestem  States.  Engineering  Mag- 
azine, April,  1895. 

Alta  California  Almanac,  1877-78. 

Bancroft,  H.H.  History  of  Oalifomia,  7  vols.  San  Francisco, 
1890. 

Bancroft,  H.H.  History  of  Oregon. 

2  vols,  San  Francisco,  1886. 

Bancroft,  H.H.  Hlatorj'  of  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Montana. 
San  Francisco,  1890 

Beard,  Jno.   In  Chit  Chat  Club  of  San  Francisco,  1880, 

Bowles,  Samuel.   Our  New  West.  Kew  York,  1869. 

Census  Reports  for  1660,  1870,  1800,  and  1890. 

Cronise,  T.F.  The  Natural  Wealth  of  California. 
San  Francisco,  1868. 

Culaer,  H.L.A.  The  Besouroes  and  Attractions  of  Utah,  Salt 
Lake  City,  1894. 

Bwinell,  Rev.  J.E.  The  Higher  Reaches  of  the  Great  Continen- 
tal Railway.  A  Highway  for  our  God.  A  sermon;  Sacra- 
mento, May  9,  1869. 

Eddy,  J.M.   In  »>mbolt  Co.  Chamber  of  Ooimnerce,  S.F.,  1893. 


i9 


^S  •»© 


^t0^iiT.' 


T  ,    4\S^   I  f: 


I     '^.i      -.rY^A?   i  ^,    ;*-.    ?    !A  ...  jlCOmlf/O 


'     I    1  .  r  :  ■    ■  'I  • 


to  "tddmia/iO   .oO  ^locfniJ-H  nl      .M.L   ^\ 


62.- 


Evolution  of  Shipping  and  Ship  building.     Overland  Monthly , 

Feb.   and  Maroh,   1&Q5. 
History  of  Napa  and  Lake  Counties,  California. 

Sen  Frfanoisco,   1881. 
History   of  Saoramanto  County ^   California. 

Oakland,   1680 
History  of  Santa  Clara  County,  California. 

San  Franoi«oo,  1881. 
History  of  Sutter  County,  California, 

Oakland,   1879. 
Hlttell,   J.S.     The  Coimnoroe  f»nd  Industry  of  the  Paoifio  Coast. 

San  Franoisoo,   1882. 
Hittell,   J.S.     the  Resouroes  of  California. 

San  Franoisoo,  1869. 
Industry.     A  Magazine.   San  Franoisoo. 

Journal  of  31eetrioity.     San  Franoisoo,   September,   1895. 
Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of   the  Calif omii%  Stt^te  Grange,   13&C 
Long  Distance   Power  Transmission  by  Iileotrioity   at  Portlttnd, 

Oregon.  ^Engineering  News,  Oot.  10,  1805. 
*  Uanufaoturers'  and  Produoars*  Monthly,  Hov.  and  Deo.,  1395. 
Meyriok,  H.   Santa  Cruz  and  Monterey.  San  Franoisoo,  1880. 


Xi  rrr*Tri'*M 


■r  f 


J  V* 


.63- 


North,  S.D.  Wool  Uanufaotures  of  the  United  States. 

Monograph  in  llth  Census. 
Pamona  Board  of  Trade »  Oot.|  1891. 
Powell »  J.J.  The  Golden  State  and  Its  Resoureea. 

San  Franoisoo^  1074. 
Report,  Internal  Cowneroe  of  United  States,  1884,  1885,  1090. 
Report,  San  Franoisoo  Ohajnter  of  Commeroe,  1882. 
Report,  Eighteenth  Annual  of  Portland,  Oregon,  Chamber  of 

Commerce,  Portland,  1692. 
Salt  Laice  City  Tribune,  Jixne  1,  lOQl. 
San  Franoisoo  Call,  Deoombor  25,  1895.  The  Call  in  general 

for  the  past  six  months. 
San  Franolsoo  Chronicle,  Jan.  1,  1892;  Dec.  30,  18S4;  June  1, 

1892. 
San  Franoisoo  Journal  of  Onmrieroe,   Sept.   22,   1892.   Oot   51,   1895 
San  Francisco  and  its  Resources. 

San  Francisco,  1394. 
Santa  Clara  Clunty,  California,  and  its  Resources, 

San  Jose,  1895. 
Sacramento  County  i nd  its  Ha sources.   Saoramento,  1394. 
Soientifie  American,  June  -  Deo.  1891;  April,  1892.  Supple- 
ment. Kov.  9,  1895. 


i^:..  :  '  ^O^mtUi^A    iQO'fi        ,(1.8     <  Uw 


~^/ 


IX  /Ji 


vjwnaocr 


64'; , 


Seattle  Post  Intelliienod^  Sept«  27«  IdQS. 

Sootti  JDrvine  M.   In  Chit  Chet  Club,  Sen  Franoisoo,  Kov.l4|  1881 

ShaldFf  H.S.  The  United  States  of  Amerloa. 

2  voldi.  Hew  York,  1894. 
Smalleyi  S.V,  In  Century  Magazine i  1883. 
The  West  Trade.  Taooma,  1396. 
The  State  Rocister  and  Year  Book  of  Faots. 

San  Franoiaoo,  1857,  1859. 
Tinkham,  O.H.  A  History  of  Stockton.  San  Frf^noisoo,  1330 
Thompson,  S, A.  Possibilities  of  the  Great  Korthwest. 

Review  of  Reviews,  Kov.,  1693. 
Tobin,  J.«J.  In  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  of  California, 

1869  -  90. 
Two  Yoars  of  Progress,  lS94-'95.  Ijos  Angeles,  1895. 
Transaotions  of  California  Agrioultural  Society. 
Utah:  Abet^unt  of  agrioultural  Stookraising  and  Mineral  Re- 

sources ,   St.  Louis,  1094 • 
Walker,  D.H.   Pioneers  of  Prosperity.  San  Francisco,  1395. 
Walts,  O.W.   In  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  of  California, 

1891  -  '92. 


.!*/*»  1  .L      -in^u^i      131  i 


'.  yn.  >'i  'i.    i ;  ■:5<.;, 


.aoyi; 


65. 


These  referenooa  by  no  means  exliauat  the  Xist|  but  they 
are  sitff  loient  to  show  the  oharaoter  of  the  material  that  rm»t 
be  used  in  a  work  of  this  kind.  Some  of  these  have  the  ring  of 
the  r*eal  estate  off  ioe;  some  oonstitute  excellent  material 
from  original  souroos;  and  somt^  ^'^  of  secondary  value  i  beoause 
second  hand.  Besides  these i  personal  talks  with  those  actively 
engaged  in  the  various  industries  huve  thrown  some  light  upon 
the  subject.  A  special  note  in  the  case  of  one  reference  in 
foot-note  is  needed.  Mr.  K.l>.  Sheldon  gf^ve  a  report  of  his 
thesis  in  the  Scononio  Seminary  in  Maroh|  1806  and  can  not  be 
seen  as  yet  in  print. 

No  .section  of  the  Union  has  a  greater  variety  of  topics 
for  historical  and  eoononic   students  than  the  Pacific  Co^ st. 
Many  valuable  phases  are  yet  practically  unknown.  One  of  these 
phases  Is  stated  by  the  subject  of  this  paper,  but  as  yet  no 
adequate  treatment  has  been  made.  Tho  material  is  apparently 
abund£.nt  and  with  patient  and  careful  toil  it  may  be  put  into 
an  accessible  fonn,  A  reliable  and  tinsistworthy  account  of  Pa- 
cific Coast  Manufactures  is  demanded.  But  whore  is  the  nan  to 
do  the  work?  Is  he  forth  coming?  It  is  hoped  that  he  is. 


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OVERDUE, 


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